Review: Acai Berry Potential Health Benefits

INTRODUCTION

The acai berry is the fruit of the acai palm (Euterpe oleracea), native in Brazil. Acai frozen pulps were found to have high antioxidant activities, [7] and so it is generally described as a health food. The berry is purple in color. And Açaí fruit is a good source of vitamin C and good source of natural antioxidants particularly, anthocyanins and carotenoids. [3] Acai fruit has a high percentage of lipids, and oleic acid is the key fatty acid. It also has descent amounts of dietary fiber and protein, and a fractional amount of iron, polyphenols, amino acid and sterols. [10, 11, 13]

Consumption of an acai juice showed an increase in serum antioxidant, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. We’ll discuss this topic in detail in the section of clinical reports.  In a study, Acai showed a strong inhibition of the reactive oxygen species formation in polymorphonuclear cells, indicating the anti-inflammatory properties of Acai. [5] However, the antioxidant capacities of Açaí samples are excellent against peroxyl radicals, good against peroxynitrite but poor against hydroxyl radicals, compared with common European fruit and vegetable juices. [14] But, some other popular health foods such as pomegranate juice, red wine, Concord grape juice, blueberry juice, black cherry juice are also good sources of antioxidants. [15] 

A study was performed as an acute four-way crossover clinical trial with acai pulp and clarified acai juice compared to applesauce and a non-antioxidant beverage as controls. Healthy volunteers (12) were dosed at 7 mL/kg of body weight after a washout phase and overnight fast, and plasma was repeatedly sampled over 12 h and urine over 24 h after consumption. The study showed that plasma antioxidant capacity was significantly increased by the acai pulp and applesauce. Individual increases in plasma antioxidant capacity of up to 2.3- and 3-fold for acai juice and pulp, respectively were observed. [22]

Potential Health Benefits

Cancer

In earlier cell/animal studies, Acai supplements were shown to have effects on HL-60 human leukemia cells human colon adenocarcinoma cells, colon tumors, bladder carcinogenesis and so on. [9, 12, 18, 19] in the last 3-4 years, a few more studies illustrated acai supplement’s effects on different cancer cells. [2018-1 to 2018-4] However, no clinical study has been conducted for evaluating its beneficial effects on subjects suffered from cancers.

Hypertension and Vascular Functions

In a rat study of 2007, it was found that Acai stone extract had vasodilator activities, probably via a release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. [8] Later, there is a report that seeds of Acai are rich in polyphenols with antihypertensive and antioxidant properties. A study shows that Acai seed extract substantially reduced renal injury probably through its antihypertensive and antioxidant effects. [2018-5]

In a study, 23 healthy overweighed male volunteers consumed either an açai-based smoothie or a macronutrient-matched control smoothie together with a high-fat breakfast meal challenge. Açai consumption was found to associated with improvements in vascular function, which may lower the risk of a cardiovascular event. [18]

Overweight

In an uncontrolled pilot study (reported in 2011), consumption of açai fruit pulp reduced levels of selected markers of metabolic disease risk in overweight adults. The study was an open label pilot study conducted with 10 overweight adults (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² and ≤ 30 kg/m²) who took 100 g açai pulp twice daily for 1 month. [17] Acai juice or supplements may have benefits on the subjects in study, but it is not sure how it helps weight loss. In 2016, there is a report of 23 heathy overweight men that açai consumption was associated with improvements in vascular function, which may lower the risk of a cardiovascular event. 

In a study, forty women, were divided in 25 eutrophic and 15 with overweight. They took 200 g of acai pulp during 4 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, inflammatory markers, biochemical data, dietary intake and dietary antioxidants capacity were evaluated before and after the intervention. It was found that the intake of 200g acai pulp, modulated the EGF and PAI-1 expression, possibly by modulation of acai on the parameters of body composition, dietary, clinical, biochemical and inflammatory, led to a redistribution and resizing of body fat of the trunk area, and presumably increased visceral fat. [21]

Diabetes, Hight Cholesterol, Lipid Profiles

The markers in the 2011 study mentioned in the section of overweight [17] are fasting plasma glucose insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides. At the end of the study, there were reductions in fasting glucose and insulin levels, a reduction in total cholesterol as well as reductions in LDL-cholesterol and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL- cholesterol. Thus, intake of acai fruit pulp may benefit people at risk of high cholesterol and diabetes.

In a recent study, reported in 2018, a study of 40 healthy women aged 21-24 consumed 200 g of acai pulp/day for 4 weeks. Researchers found: Açai pulp consumption did not alter anthropometric parameters, systemic arterial pressure, glucose, insulin and total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoprotein (apo) B, but it increased the concentration of apo A-I. Apo A-I is a protein that has a specific role in the metabolism of lipids and is the main protein component in HDL, the "good cholesterol"). HDL removes excess cholesterol from cells and takes it to the liver for recycling or disposal. [2018-06]

In a study, seven junior hurdlers (17.5±1.2 years) taking part in a pre-season conditioning camp were supplemented once a day, for six weeks, with 100 ml of the juice blend. At the start and the end of the camp the athletes performed a 300-m sprint running test on an outdoor track. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the test and after 1 h of recovery. Six weeks' consumption of acai berry-based juice blend had no effect on

sprint performance, but it led to a marked increase in the total antioxidant capacity of plasma, attenuation of the exercise-induced muscle damage, and a substantial improvement of serum lipid profile. [20]

Performance

An açai beverage was developed as an ergogenic aid for athletes and contained 27.6 mg of anthocyanins per dose. Fourteen athletes performed 3 exercise tests: a ramp-incremental maximal exercise test and 2 maximal exercise bouts performed in 2 conditions (açai beverage and without açai beverage (control)) at 90 maximal oxygen uptakes. Blood was collected at baseline and after maximal exercise in both conditions to determine biomarkers. It was found that açai beverage increased time to exhaustion during short-term high-intensity exercise. Açai beverage also reduced perceived exertion and enhanced cardiorespiratory responses. The açai beverage may be a useful and practical ergogenic aid to enhance performance during high-intensity training. [19]

Acai berry cleanse, Acai detox?

It is not sure if Acai has detox functions.

 

ACAI BERRY SIDE EFFECTS

Acai berry side effects Though small websites claim there are no major acai berry side effects reported in the medical literature. Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) juice has actually been reported to be a transmission route for Chagas' disease many years ago. [1] Just in 2006, 178 cases of acute Chagas disease were reported in Brazil; 11 cases occurred in Barcarena  and were confirmed by visualization of parasites on blood smears. [2]

Reference

[1] Pereira KS, Schmidt FL, Guaraldo AM, Franco RM, Dias VL, Passos LA. Chagas' disease as a foodborne illness. J Food Prot. 2009 Feb;72(2):441-6. 

[2] Nóbrega AA, Garcia MH, Tatto E, Obara MT, Costa E, Sobel J, Araujo WN. Oral transmission of Chagas disease by consumption of açaí palm fruit, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Apr;15(4):653-5. 

[3] Santos GM, Maia GA, Sousa PH, Costa JM, Figueiredo RW, Prado GM. Correlation between antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart) commercial pulps Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2008 Jun;58(2):187-92. 

[4] Jensen GS, Wu X, Patterson KM, Barnes J, Carter SG, Scherwitz L, Beaman R, Endres JR, Schauss AG. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of an antioxidant-rich fruit and

berry juice blend. Results of a pilot and randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 24;56(18):8326-33. Epub 2008 Aug 22. 

[5] Honzel D, Carter SG, Redman KA, Schauss AG, Endres JR, Jensen GS. Comparison

of chemical and cell-based antioxidant methods for evaluation of foods and natural products: generating multifaceted data by parallel testing using erythrocytes and polymorphonuclear cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 24;56(18):8319-25. Epub 2008 Aug 22. 

[6] Mertens-Talcott SU, Rios J, Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Pacheco-Palencia LA, Meibohm B, Talcott ST, Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and antioxidant effects after the consumption of anthocyanin-rich acai juice and pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in human healthy volunteers. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 10;56(17):7796-802. Epub 2008 Aug 12. 

[7] Hassimotto NM, Genovese MI, Lajolo FM. Antioxidant activity of dietary fruits, vegetables, and commercial frozen fruit pulps. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Apr 20;53(8):2928-35.

[8] Rocha AP, Carvalho LC, Sousa MA, Madeira SV, Sousa PJ, Tano T, Schini-Kerth VB, Resende AC, Soares de Moura R. Endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Açaí) extracts in mesenteric vascular bed of the rat. Vascul Pharmacol. 2007 Feb;46(2):97-104. Epub 2006 Sep 1. 

[9] Del Pozo-Insfran D, Percival SS, Talcott ST. Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) polyphenolics in their glycoside and aglycone forms induce apoptosis of HL-60 leukemia cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Feb

22;54(4):1222-9. 

[10] Neida S, Elba S. Characterization of the acai or manaca (Euterpe oleracea Mart.): a fruit of the Amazon Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2007 Mar;57(1):94-8. 

[11] Schauss AG, Wu X, Prior RL, Ou B, Patel D, Huang D, Kababick JP. Phytochemical and nutrient composition of the freeze-dried amazonian palm berry, Euterpe oleraceae mart. (acai). J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Nov 1;54(22):8598-603. 

[12] Pacheco-Palencia LA, Talcott ST, Safe S, Mertens-Talcott S. Absorption and biological activity of phytochemical-rich extracts from açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) pulp and oil in vitro. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 May 28;56(10):3593-600. Epub 2008 Apr 29. 

[13] Pacheco-Palencia LA, Mertens-Talcott S, Talcott ST. Chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and thermal stability of a phytochemical enriched oil from Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Jun 25;56(12):4631-6. Epub 2008 Jun 4. 

[14] Lichtenthäler R, Rodrigues RB, Maia JG, Papagiannopoulos M, Fabricius H, Marx F. Total oxidant scavenging capacities of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Açaí) fruits. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2005 Feb;56(1):53-64. [15] Seeram NP, Aviram M, Zhang Y, Henning SM, Feng L, Dreher M, Heber D. Comparison of antioxidant potency of commonly consumed polyphenol-rich beverages in the United States. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Feb 27;56(4):1415-22. Epub 2008 Jan 26. 

[16] Chin YW, Chai HB, Keller WJ, Kinghorn AD. Lignans and other constituents of the fruits of Euterpe oleracea (Acai) with antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. J Agric Food

Chem. 2008 Sep 10;56(17):7759-64. Epub 2008 Jul 26. 

[17] Udani JK, et al, Nutr J. 2011 May 12;10:45. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-45. [18] Fragoso MF et al, Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Aug;58:68-76 [19] Fragoso MF et al, Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2012 Sep;67(3):235-41.

[18] Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Nov;104(5):1227-1235

[19] Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015 Jul;40(7):725-33.

[20] E Sadowska-Krępa et al, Effects of supplementation with acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) berry-based juice blend on the blood antioxidant defence capacity and lipid profile in junior hurdlers. A pilot study Biol Sport . 2015 Jun;32(2):161-8

[21] Nutr Hosp. 2015 Aug 1;32(2):931-45.

[22]  J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 10;56(17):7796-802 acai benefits review, acai berry juice benefit and side effects - May 26, 2018

2018-1 BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018 Apr 2;18(1):116.

2018-2 J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Jun;69(6):714-721.

2018-3 J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 Jan;166:301-310.

2018-4 Gut Liver. 2017 Mar 15;11(2):243-252.

2018-5 J Med Food. 2017 Oct;20(10):1002-1010

2018-6 Clin Nutr. 2018 Apr;37(2):618-623.

Review: Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)

INTRODUCTION

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) [dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) and methyl sulfone] is an organic sulfur-containing compound that occurs naturally in vegetables, grains, animals as well as human body. [A2] MSM is the oxidized form of dimethyl-sulfoxide (DSMO); it is used as an natural analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. [2] Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) has been promoted to have multiple health benefits and for treating osteoarthritis, pain, inflammation, allergies, and the maintenance of normal keratin levels in hair, skin and nails. In this article, we are going to review multiple key findings about this naturally occurring compound.

BASIC BIOLOGICAL STUDIES

A study has demonstrated that MSM is able to cross the blood-brain barrier in significant concentrations after oral dosing. Further, MSM was found to distribute evenly throughout the brain. [A1] An in vitro study further demonstrates its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities on hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and hypochlorous acid. [A3]

USE OF METHYLSULFONLMETHANE (MSM) IN FOOD PRODUCTS

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is GRAS for use as an ingredient in meal supplement and meal replacement foods, fruit smoothie-type drinks, and fruit-flavored thirst quencher-type beverages at levels up to 4,000 mg/kg and in food bars such as granola  bars and energy-type bars at levels up to 30,000 mg/kg provided that food standards of  identity do not preclude such use. (GRAS Notice No. GRN 000229)

POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF METHYLSULFONLMETHANE (MSM)

Its Potential Health on Allergy, Asthma

A study of 50 subjects demonstrated multiple dose of 2600 mg of MSM was able to reduce allergy symptoms in 7 days. [A4] In an another study of healthy subjects with a history of allergic nasal congestion, Susan Hewlings and Douglas S Kalman found MSM treatment courses significantly reduced visual analog scale average nasal symptoms in a longitudinal comparison across all participants, with low-dose treatments decreasing symptoms by 53.72%. [D2]

Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling of the airways. Remodeling is resistant to pharmaceutical therapies. In a recent cell study, Fang L and co-workers found that Zn-Sal-methylsulfonylmethane and Zn-Sal potentially prevent airway wall remodeling in asthma by inhibition of both the Erk1/2 and mTOR signaling pathways.Mass spectrometry indicated that Zn-Sal-MSM modified the expression of several signaling proteins and zinc-dependent enzymes. [D1]

Potential Health Benefits on Autoimmune Diseases

MSM may also benefit subjects suffered from autoimmune disease, as a rat study demonstrated that treatment of DMSO or DMSO2 led to significant diminishment of lymphoid organ enlargement. [A7]

Potential Health Benefits on Osteoarthritis

In May of 2009, Brien S and co-workers from Aldermoor Health Centre, UK, concluded that MSM has no significant effect in the reduction of pain in the treatment of osteoarthritis from a review of several studies. [3] However, in another study of 55 people suffered from knee osteoarthritis, researchers from Southwest College Research Institute found dose of 3 g of MSM twice a day benefited the users, with a significant decrease in pain and physical function impairment as evidence. [1] Further, Debbi EM and co-workers from Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Israel, also found MSM supplementation is useful on osteoarthritis of the knee - an improvement in pain and physical function. The treated group took MSM in doses of 1.125 grams 3 times a day for 12 weeks. The inconsistency of studies could be related to different brands, doses and conditions involved.

However, the users may gain better MSM benefits, when it is in use with glucosamine. Indian researchers compared the efficacy and safety of oral glucosamine (500 mg), methylsulfonylmethane (MSM; 500 mg), and their combination with a placebo three times daily in treating osteoarthritis of the knee for 12 weeks. They found that MSM significantly decreased a pain index, and the combination resulted in a more significant decrease in the mean pain index. The combination therapy also worked very well in the swelling index. They concluded that glucosamine, MSM and their combination produced an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect in osteoarthritis. Combination therapy might offer better benefits to people suffered from osteoarthritis as they showed better efficacy in reducing pain and swelling and in improving the functional ability of joints than the individual agents. [C2]

Potential Health Benefits on Certain Types of Cancers

Two studies of rats also demonstrated a significant reduction in the time to tumor onset in rats treated with MSM. [A5, A6] In another study of human breast cancer cells, MSM effectively regulated multiple targets including STAT3/VEGF and STAT5b/IGF-1R. These are the major molecules involved in tumor development, progression, and metastasis. [C1] In another study, MSM showed cytotoxic effect on gastrointestinal cancer cell lines by apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. [C3] While Doh Hoon Kim and colleagues found MSM has anti-cancer effects on HT-29 cells, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, while suppressing the stemness potential. [D3]

Potential Health Benefits on Colitis

In a study, colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of 1 ml of 5% of acetic acid. Rats were treated with MSM (dosage: 400 mg/kg/day, orally) for 4 days. MSM decreased macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage scores caused by administration of acetic acid. MSM treatment also significantly reduced colonic levels of malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase and proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. [C4]

Potential Health Benefits on Edema

The effect of topical application of a lotion containing MSM+EDTA was studied in a double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. In phase 1, patients having swelling in the lower extremities were randomly distributed to receive the MSM+EDTA lotion or a placebo alone. In the second phase, patients were given MSM as placebo followed by MSM+EDTA lotion for 2 weeks. The circumference of calf, ankle and foot for both legs were observed to decline significantly after 2 weeks of application of the lotion/ but not placebo. However, application of MSM alone increased the swelling. [C5]

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Most of the studies were done in animals, it is unknown if the results can be repeated if it is used in human. Further, its healh benefit effects depend on the source of the products and how it is used. This article is NOT a medical advice.

REFERENCE

[1] Kim LS, Axelrod LJ, Howard P, Buratovich N, Waters RF. Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Mar;14(3):286-94. Epub 2005 Nov 23. 

[2] Usha PR, Naidu MU. Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study of Oral Glucosamine, Methylsulfonylmethane and their Combination in Osteoarthritis. Clin Drug Investig. 2004;24(6):353-63. 

[3] Brien S, Prescott P, Lewith G. Meta-analysis of the Related Nutritional Supplements Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Methylsulfonylmethane in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009 May 27. 

[A1] Lin A, Nguy CH, Shic F, Ross BD. Accumulation  of methylsulfonylmethane in the human brain:

identification by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Toxicol Lett 2001;123:169-177. 

[A2] Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM). Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2003 Nov;8(4):438-41. 

[A3] Beilke MA, et al, Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on the oxidative function of human neutrophils. J Lab Clin Med 1987;110:91-96. 

[A4] Barrager E, Veltmann JR Jr, Schauss AG, Schiller RN. A multicentered, open-label trial on the safety and efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Altern Complement Med 2002;8:167-173. 

[A5] O’Dwyer PJ, McCabe DP, Sickle-Santanello BJ, et al. Use of polar solvents in chemoprevention of 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced colon cancer. Cancer 1988;62:944- 948. 

[A6] McCabe D, O’Dwyer P, Sickle-Santanello B, et al. Polar solvents in the chemoprevention of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat mammary cancer. Arch Surg 1986;121:1455-1459. 

[A7] Morton JI, Siegel BV. Effects of oral dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfone on murine autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1986:183:227-230.

[C1] Lim EJ et al, Methylsulfonylmethane Suppresses Breast Cancer Growth by Down-Regulating STAT3 and STAT5b Pathways. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e33361. 

[C2] Debbi EM, et al, Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane supplementation on osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011 Jun 27;11:50.  

[C3] Jafari N, et al, Cytotoxicity of Methylsulfonylmethane on Gastrointestinal (AGS, HepG2, and KEYSE-30) Cancer Cell Lines. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2011 May 28. 

[C4] Amirshahrokhi K et al, The effect of methylsulfonylmethane on the experimental colitis in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Jun 15;253(3):197-202. 

[C5] Tripathi R et al, Effect of topical application of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), EDTA on pitting edema and oxidative stress in a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2011 Feb 12;57(1):62-9.

[D1] Fang L et al, Zinc salicylate reduces airway smooth muscle cells remodelling by blocking mTOR and activating p21(Waf1/Cip1), J Nutr Biochem. 2021 Mar:89:108563.

[D2] Susan Hewlings et al, Evaluating the Impacts of Methylsulfonylmethane on Allergic Rhinitis After a Standard Allergen Challenge: Randomized Double-Blind Exploratory Study, JMIR Res Protoc. 2018 Nov 29;7(11):e11139.

[D3] Doh Hoon Kim et al, Methylsulfonylmethane Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis, and Suppresses the Stemness Potential of HT-29 Cells, Anticancer Res. 2020 Sep;40(9):5191-5200

Review: Niacin - Potential Health Benefits -

Niacin, nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble B vitamin found naturally in some foods, and also sold as a supplement (or even certain medications). It is believed that niacin has antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic properties through lipid modulation and release of prostaglandin D2. (6)

Niacin's Mechanism of Action

Drs Kamanna VS, and Kashyap ML. have a detailed description about the benefits and adverse side effects of niacin in a review article. Nicotinic acid (niacin) has long been used for the treatment of lipid disorders and cardiovascular disease. Niacin favorably affects apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoproteins (eg, very-low-density lipoprotein [VLDL], low- density lipoprotein [LDL], lipoprotein[a]) and increases apo A-I-containing lipoproteins (high-density lipoprotein [HDL]). According to the review article, niacin directly and noncompetitively inhibits hepatocyte diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2, a key enzyme for triglyceride synthesis. The inhibition of triglyceride synthesis by niacin results in accelerated intracellular hepatic apo B degradation and the decreased secretion of VLDL and LDL particles. Previous human and test-tube studies findings indicate that niacin retards mainly the hepatic catabolism of apo A-I (vs apo A-II) but not scavenger receptor BI-mediated cholesterol esters. Decreased HDL-apo A-I catabolism by niacin explains the increases in HDL half-life and concentrations of lipoprotein A-I HDL subfractions, which augment reverse cholesterol transport. Initial data suggest that niacin, by inhibiting the hepatocyte surface expression of beta-chain adenosine triphosphate synthase (a HDL-apo A-I holoparticle receptor), inhibits the removal of HDL-apo A-I. Niacin increases vascular endothelial cell redox state, resulting in the inhibition of oxidative stress and vascular inflammatory genes, key cytokines involved in atherosclerosis.

The niacin flush (its major side effect) results from the stimulation of prostaglandins D(2) and E(2) by subcutaneous Langerhans cells via the G protein-coupled receptor 109A niacin receptor. Although decreased free fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue via the G protein-coupled receptor 109A niacin receptor has been a widely suggested mechanism of niacin to decrease triglycerides, physiologically and clinically, this pathway may be only a minor factor in explaining the lipid effects of niacin. (1)

Niacin's Potential Health Benefits on Cardiovascular Diseases

In an article, Dr. Lardizabal and Deedwania, UCSF, explain that cardiovascular disease still ranks as the top cause of mortality worldwide. Lipid-modifying therapy has revolutionized the treatment of the disease and is partly responsible for the recent decline in deaths due to cardiovascular disease. Treatment strategies have evolved since the introduction of the earlier lipid-lowering agents (fibrates, niacin, bile acid resins) to the advent of statins, which have become the standard drugs in cholesterol therapy. (2)

In a rat study, the rats (group II) were fed with a lipogenic diet consisting of 2% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid and 20% sunflower oil added to the pellet chow and given 3% alcoholic water for 60 days. Two other groups fed with the same lipogenic diet and treated with chromium and niacin. Researchers found heart LPO, serum GGT activity and serum PCC

were increased; serum PON activity and heart GSH levels were decreased in hyperlipidemic rats. Treatment with combined niacin and chromium reversed these effects. [Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010 Dec 22. ] Similarly, in a clinical study, Insull W Jr. from Baylor College, Texas, found combination of niacin extended-release and simvastatin results in a less atherogenic lipid profile than atorvastatin monotherapy in a study of patients with dyslipidemia. (3) 

Niacin's Potential Benefits on Metabolic Syndrome

Patients with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Niacin improves lipid abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome, but is underused, mainly because of flushing (its side effect). Laropiprant reduces niacin-induced flushing and, in combination with extended-release niacin, improves lipid levels.

Niacin's Potential Benefits on Diabates - Reduced Risk in Cardiovascular Events Patients with type 2 diabetes have increased expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). CAMs and monocyte adhesion mediate essential processes in atherogenesis. Dr Tavintharan S. and co-workers from Khoo Teck Puat Hospital found niacin 1500mg daily raised HDL- cholesterol from 0.8mmol/l (95% CI: 0.7-0.9) to 0.9mmol/l (95% CI: 0.8-1.1) and monocytes isolated from patients on niacin had reduced adhesion to endothelial cells. (4)

The Relationship of Niacin and Fat Cells

Niacin is converted to NAD and NADP in tissues, whose products are involved in a number of cellular processes; and it is associated with the regulation of adipogenesis. Dr. Fujimori K from Osaka University, Japan, found niacin promoted adipogenesis by suppressing the production of the anti-adipogenic PGF(2α) through down-regulation of C/EBPβ-activated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in adipocytes. (5) Adipogenesis is the process of cell differentiation by which preadipocytes become adipocytes. Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.

A RECENT ARTICLE

Eric Chung, The University of Queensland, Australia, published an interesting article on the relationship between dietary niacin intake and erectile dysfunction: a population-based study. (6) He considers that niacin has antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic properties through lipid modulation and release of prostaglandin D2,3,4 which may have indirect potential positive effects on erectile function. It appears that niacin is likely more effective in patients with dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. However, he also states, "it is likely that niacin alone is less likely to be effective in patients with severe or medically refractory ED.6 Furthermore, the exact causal effect of niacin on erectile function restoration and the safe threshold of niacin intake for maximum therapeutic remain unknown."

REFERENCES

1. Vaijinath S Kamanna , Moti L Kashyap Mechanism of action of niacin, Am J Cardiol. 2008 Apr 17;101(8A):20B-26B.

2. Joel A Lardizabal, Prakash Deedwania, Lipid-lowering therapy with statins for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, Cardiol Clin. 2011 Feb;29(1):87-103.

3. William Insull Jr et al, Combination of niacin extended-release and simvastatin results in a less atherogenic lipid profile than atorvastatin monotherapy, Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010 Nov 24:6:1065-75. 

4. S Tavintharan, Niacin results in reduced monocyte adhesion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Atherosclerosis. 2011 Mar;215(1):176-9.

5. Ko Fujimori 1, Fumio Amano, Niacin promotes adipogenesis by reducing production of anti-adipogenic PGF2α through suppression of C/EBPβ-activated COX-2 expression, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2011 Apr;94(3-4):96-103. 

6. Chung, Eric, Commentary on “Relationship between dietary niacin intake and erectile dysfunction: a population-based study” Asian Journal of Andrology ():10.4103/aja202424, April 26, 2024.

Review: Alpha-linolenic Acid (ALA) Health Benefits

Also known as: linolenic acid, linolenate, alpha-Linolenate, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 463-40-1, alpha-Lnn

Properties

A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins. Alpha-linolenic acid has formula of C18H30O2, with molecular weight of 278.43. Alpha-linolenic acid is NOT the same as alpha-lipoic acid.

Source: flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum). Flaxseed is one of the richest dietary sources of alpha-linolenic acid and is also a good source of soluble fibre mucilage.

Potential Health Benefits

Neuroprotection

Nerve agents cause toxicity to peripheral and central sites through the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that metabolizes acetylcholine. Excessive acetylcholine accumulation in synapses results in status epilepticus in the central nervous system. Prolonged status epilepticus leads to brain damage, neurological dysfunction and poor outcome. Anticonvulsants are effective but must be given rapidly following exposure. Previous findings suggested that α-Linolenic acid is neuroprotective against kainic acid-induced brain damage, acid it also exerts anti-depressant and anti-inflammatory activities and enhances synaptic plasticity in vivo. (1)

Recently, Xin Zeng and his colleagues have assessed the neuroprotective effect of α-linolenic acid in mice and its potential molecular mechanisms exposed to pentylenetetrazol. In the study, the mice were injected with pentetrazol 37 mg/kg, and alpha-linolenic acid was intra-gastrically administered for 40 days. The treatment with alpha-linolenic acid significantly reduced the overall frequency of epileptic seizures and improved the behavior impairment and cognitive disorder caused by pentetrazol toxicity. (2)

Reduced Risk of Allergic Diseases

Fatty acids (FA) are known to have a number of immunological effects and, accordingly, may play a role in the development of allergic diseases. Researchers from University of Tampere, Finland, investigated the effect of maternal intake of FA during pregnancy on the risk of allergic rhinitis, wheeze and atopic eczema in children aged 5 years. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, high maternal consumption of butter and butter spreads and higher ratio of n-6:n-3 FA during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis in the offspring by 5 years of age. High maternal intakes of total PUFA and α-linolenic FA were associated with a decreased risk of allergic rhinitis. (3) 

In a recent study, Kaori Yokoi and colleagues conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial on suppplementation of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid for pollen-induced allergic symptoms in healthy subjects. Each subject received four 250 mg capsules providing 314 mg dihomo-γ-linolenic acid/day (dihomo-γ-linolenic acid group, n = 18) or olive oil (placebo group, n = 15) for 15 weeks. In the dihomo-γ-linolenic acid group group, the cedar pollen associated symptoms of sneezing and a blocked nose in the "severity of allergic rhinitis symptoms" were significantly lower than those in the placebo group. (4). 

Reduced Risk of Heart Failure (?)

According to The University of Maryland, Medical Reference (June 2013), there is some evidence that eating foods high in alpha-linolenic acid may benefit people at risk of heart diseases. The article cites a study that women who ate high levels of alpha-linolenic acid (1.5 g per day) had a 46% lower risk of sudden cardiac death than those who ate less amount of alpha-linolenic acid. However, researchers from University of Washington used data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, a prospective cohort study of cardiovascular diseases among adults aged ≥65 y, from 4 US communities. A total of 2957 participants free of prevalent heart disease and with available fatty acid measurements were included in biomarker analyses (30,722 person-years and 686 incident CHF events). A total of 4432 participants free of prevalent heart disease were included in dietary analyses (52,609 person-years and 1072 events). They investigated the association of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) with incident CHF. They found dietary alpha- linolenic acid (ALA) not associated with incident CHF. (5)

A study was done to examine the relation between omega-3 fatty acids in plasma phospholipid levels and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Canada. The researchers at Laval University Medical Center found significantly higher levels of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosapentaenoic acid in obese subjects, whereas significantly higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were observed in nonobese subjects. For cardiovascular disease risk factors, ALA levels were positively correlated with plasma triglyceride concentrations and negatively associated with diastolic blood pressure. (6) 

In a report of 2022, Jiandi Wu and other researchers conducted a meta-analysis if there is a link of α-linolenic acid and the risk of heart failure. They found no association between α-linolenic acid and the risk of incident heart failure, suggesting that ALA might not be effective in the prevention of heart failure. (7) 

Reduced Risk of High Cholesterol

Fukumitsu S and co-workers at Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd reported that eight lipid metabolism-related genes involved in cholesterol and triacylglycerol biosynthesis pathway and lipid transport were significantly down-regulated by α-Linolenic acid (ALA) treatment in their in vitro study. They further concluded that ALA is likely to inhibit cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis pathway by suppressing the expression of transcriptional factor sterol regulatory element binding protein SREBPs. and ALA promotes fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (8)  On the other hand, eating food high in alpha-linolenic acid, such as walnut, has been shown to lower cholesterol and triglycerides in people with high cholesterol. (9) But, it is unclear if alpha-linolenic acid supplements would have similar benefits as foods rich in alpha-linolenic acid.

Reduced Risk of High Blood Pressure (Metabolic Syndrome)

Studies also suggest foods high in omega-3 fatty acids lower blood pressure slightly in people suffered from hypertension. But, it is also unclear if alpha-linolenic acid supplements also work in the same way. (10)

Neural Diseases

A major neuroprotective effect of α-linolenic acid was observed in in vivo models of both global ischemia and kainate-induced epilepsy; however, if sourced from flax seed oil, residues may have side effect due to its content of neurotoxic cyanogen glycosides and immunosuppressive cyclic nonapeptides. (11) 

Lower concentrations of n-3 PUFAs have been reported to be associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, but also with depression-itself a potential risk factor for cognitive decline.  Researchers from Taipei City Hospital found total erythrocyte n-3 PUFA concentrations are positively associated with cognitive function, particularly immediate recall, in older people with previous depression. Lower concentrations of n-3 PUFAs or ALA in erythrocyte membranes may be good predictors for cognitive impairment in older people with previous recurrent depression. (12) 

In patients who have experienced a myocardial infarction (MI), n-3 (omega-3) PUFA status is low, whereas the risk of depression is increased. However, researchers from Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands, found low- dose EPA-DHA supplementation, ALA supplementation, or a combination of both did not affect depressive symptoms and dispositional optimism in patients who had experienced an myocardial infarction. (13) 

REFERENCE

1. Pan H. et al, Neurotoxicology. 2012 Oct;33(5):1219-29.

2. Xin Zeng et al, α-linolenic acid ameliorates pentylenetetrazol-induced neuron apoptosis and neurological impairment in mice with seizures via down-regulating JAK2/STAT3 pathway, Br J Nutr. 2024 May 22:1-34.

3. Nwaru BI et al, Br J Nutr. 2012 Aug;108(4):720-32.

4. Kaori Yokoi et al, Supplementation of Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid for Pollen-Induced Allergic Symptoms in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial, Nutrients. 2023 Aug 5;15(15):3465.

5. Lemailtre RN. et al, Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Aug;96(2):269-74.

6. Gameau V. et al, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013 Mar;38(3):243-8.

7. Jiandi Wu et al, α-Linolenic Acid and Risk of Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis,Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Jan 4:8:788452.

8. Cytotechnology. 2012 Nov 9.

9. Isabel Antonia Martínez-Ortega et al, Can different types of tree nuts and peanuts induce varied effects on specific blood lipid parameters? A systematic review and network meta-analysis, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023 Dec 28:1-15.

10. Melika Same et al, Can daily consumption of enriched fatty acids diet be effective in improving metabolic syndrome? An attractive paradox for walnut kernel, Food Sci Nutr. 2024 Jan 28;12(4):2311-2333.

11. Wikipedia June 2013

12. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Feb;95(2):420-7

13. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Dec;94(6):1442-50

Recent Research: Dong Quai Health Benefits

According to NIH website, Dong quai (Angelica sinensis) is a plant that has been used for a variety of conditions, with little evidence. It may be unsafe when too much is consumed. Dong quai is a member of the same plant family as parsley, celery, and carrots. It's popular in Chinese medicine for female health concerns. The root might affect estrogen and other hormones. People commonly use dong quai for menopausal symptoms, menstrual cramps, migraine, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. Common side effects include burping, gas, and high blood pressure. (1)

RECENT RESEARCH

Xiaodong Zhi and colleagues consider that fibrosis-related diseases (FRD) include conditions like myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and others. While, Angelica sinensis may have anti-fibrosis properties in recent investigations. They conducted a thorough literature review, and they concluded that Dong Quai's constituents demonstrated significant anti-fibrosis activity. (2)

Astragalus and Dong Quai have been known to help with heart scarring (myocardial fibrosis). A study discovered a new way these herbs might be working together. When these herbs are boiled together (decoction), tiny clusters of molecules (called supramolecules) form. Pan Liang and collleagues believe that the way these molecules interact (like a puzzle) is important for their effectiveness. Tests showed that these supramolecules were successful in improving heart function and reducing scarring in lab studies and animals.This suggests that these supramolecules might be the key to how the traditional Astragalus-Angelica decoction works. (3) In a seperate study, Xiaolong Song and colleagues conducted a study aimed at the effect of Dong Quai polysaccharide (ASP) extracted from the Lixinshui prescription on cardiac disease induced by hypertension in rats. They concluded that ASP could prevent hypertensive heart disease by inhibiting myocardial fibrosis, suppressing the myocardial apoptosis, and alleviating oxidative stress. (4)

Valentina Trimarco and colleagues designed a study to measure the beneficial effects of a combination of nutraceutics (NUT) containing soy isoflavones (80 mg), dry extract of Angelica sinensis (50 mg), dry extract of Morus alba leaf (200 mg) and magnesium (56.25 mg) in the relief of somatic, psychological, and urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal patients,  The study involved a total of 43 symptomatic postmenopausal women. After a 2-week run-in period, patients were randomized into two arms. One arm received probiotics plus placebo over 4 weeks, followed by a 4-week treatment with probiotics plus NUT. The second arm received probiotics plus NUT for 4 weeks, followed by a 4-week treatment with probiotics plus placebo.  After the NUT period, participants showed a significant reduction in MRS score in comparison to baseline and the placebo period. They concluded that the NUT combination was good for menopause symptoms in postmenopausal patients. (5)

REFERENCE

1. NIH website, May 04, 2024

2. Xiaodong Zhi et al, Therapeutic potential of Angelica sinensis in addressing organ fibrosis: A comprehensive review ,  Biomed Pharmacother  . 2024 Apr:173:116429. 

3. Pan Liang et al, Insights into the Mechanism of Supramolecular Self-Assembly in the Astragalus membranaceus- Angelica sinensis Codecoction ACS Appl Mater Interfaces  . 2023 Oct 18;15(41):47939-47954 

4. Xiaolong Song et al, Angelica sinensis Polysaccharide Alleviates Myocardial Fibrosis and Oxidative Stress in the Heart of Hypertensive Rats,  Comput Math Methods Med  . 2021 Sep 3:2021:6710006.  

5. Valentina Trimarco  et al, Effects of a new combination of nutraceuticals on postmenopausal symptoms and metabolic profile: a crossover, randomized, double-blind trial,  Int J Womens Health  . 2016 Oct 11:8:581-587.

Recent Research: Chamomile Health Benefits

Chamomile (German chamomile, Matricaria recutita, Chamomilla recutita) have two types: German chamomile and Roman chamomile. This fact sheet focuses on German chamomile. Chamomile was described in ancient medical writings and was an important medicinal herb in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. 

Today, chamomile is promoted for sleeplessness, anxiety, and gastrointestinal conditions such as upset stomach, gas, and diarrhea. It is also used topically for skin conditions and for mouth sores resulting from cancer treatment. (1) 

 Aflatoxin (AFB) is a poisonous mold that can grow on some foods and animal feed. It can make rabbits sick. Mahmoud Gamal Rashad and colleagues investigated if chamomile could improve rabbits' health and protect their livers from damage caused by AFB. In the study, rabbits were divided into four groups: 1. Chamomile group (chamomile): Given chamomile daily, 2. Mold group (AF): Given AFB daily, 3. Chamomile + Mold group (AFLCha): Given both chamomile and AFB daily, and 4. Regular group (CON): Not given chamomile or AFB. They found: Rabbits with AFB grew slower and had smaller bodies compared to those with chamomile or both. Chamomile and the chamomile + AFB groups had healthier livers and kidneys than the AFB group alone. Chamomile and the chamomile + AFB groups had stronger defenses against cell damage than the AFB group alone. The AFB group had more cell damage and weaker defenses than the chamomile and regular groups. In short, this study suggests that chamomile might help protect rabbits from the harmful effects of AFB on their livers. (2) 

 Gastric Cancer is a prevalent malignancy worldwide. While, apigenin (Api), a natural flavonoid found in chamomile tea and some other plant-products. Api may have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties. With respect to gastric cancer, studies have systematically examined Api’s effects on cancer cells, focusing on cell proliferation, apoptosis, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, and molecular targets. The literature suggests that Api inhibits cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner Mechanistically, Api acts through the Akt/Bad/Bcl2/Bax axis, activating the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and thereby restricting cell proliferation. Though it seems that the anti-proliferative potential of Api on gastric cancer cells is particularly relevant in a more aggressive gastric cancer phenotype but can also affect normal gastric cells. (3) 

 Farshid Bahrami and colleagues conducted a parallel-group randomized controlled design of 3 groups - the damask rose group (n = 30), the chamomile group (n = 30), and the control group (n = 30). In the damask rose and chamomile groups, three drops of 40% essential of each plant were used for inhalation aromatherapy (three drops every hour for 3 hours) The subjects are emergency orthopedic surgery patients. They found that both of the intervention groups experienced a decrease in pain and anxiety over time compared to the control group. (4) 

 REFERENCE 

 1. Chamomile, Health Information, NIH website, May 04, 2024. 2. Mahmoud Gamal Rashad et al, Dietary chamomile flowers extract improved performance and mitigated aflatoxin B1 toxicity in rabbits, J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2024 Apr 30. 3. Ana Pratas et al, Effects of apigenin on gastric cancer cells, Biomed Pharmacother. 2024 Mar:172:116251. 4. Farshid Bahrami et al, Comparison of the Effects of Aromatherapy With Damask Rose and Chamomile Essential Oil on Preoperative Pain and Anxiety in Emergency Orthopedic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial, J Perianesth Nurs. 2024 Feb 1:S1089-9472(23)01031-6.

Recent Research: Black Cohosh

Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa or Cimicifuga racemosa, snakeroot, black bugbane, rattleweed, macrotys, and rheumatism weed), a member of the buttercup family, is a perennial plant native to North America. Black cohosh is most likely used for menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes (also called hot flushes) and night sweats, vaginal dryness, heart palpitations, tinnitus, vertigo, sleep disturbances, nervousness, and irritability[1].

RECENT RESEARCH

There is a report that a 76-year-old postmenopausal woman who has been taking Black Cohosh for years has had syncopal attacks multiple times during the past years associated with bradycardia with the heart rate dropping to 30 beats/minute. Discontinuation of Black Cohosh resulted in a gradual resolution of bradycardia, suggesting a plausible association.(2)

Ryoichi Sadahiro and colleagues conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials conducted to investigate the treatment effect on menopausal symptoms by Black Cohosh extract both alone or combined with other related active ingredients. They reviewed 22 articles of 2,310 menopausal women, and concluded that "black cohosh extracts were associated with significant improvements in overall menopausal symptoms." However, black cohosh did not improve anxiety significantly. (3)

REFERENCE

1. Black Cohosh, Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets, NIH website, May 04, 2024.

2. Ahmad W Haddad et al, Black Cohosh: An Uncommon Culprit of Bradycardia in Postmenopausal Women, Cureus. 2024 Mar 11;16(3):e55984. 

3. Ryoichi Sadahiro et al, Black cohosh extracts in women with menopausal symptoms: an updated pairwise meta-analysis, Menopause. 2023 Jul 1;30(7):766-773.

Recent Reseach: Acai

Acai (acai, acai berry, açaí, Euterpe oleracea, Euterpe badiocarpa) palm tree, native to tropical Central and South America, produces a deep purple fruit. The acai fruit has long been an important food source for indigenous peoples of the Amazon region. Acai products have become popular in the United States, where they have been promoted for weight-loss and anti-aging purposes. And here, we review a few articles on Acai.

RECENT RESEARCH

Sérgio Scherrer Thomasi and colleagues conducted analysis of açai berry pulp extracts with LC-UV-BPSU and LC-UV-SPE/NMR. Those techniques identified 23 metabolites: Valine (1), citric acid (2), tachioside (3), isotachioside (4), α-guaiacylglycerol (5), syringylglycerol (6), uridine (7), adenosine (8), dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (9), koaburaside (10), protocatechuic acid (11), eurycorymboside B (12), 7',8'-dihydroxy-dihydrodehydroconiferyl alcohol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (13), orientin (14), homoorientin (15), dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside (16), isolariciresinol-9'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (17), 5'-methoxyisolariciresinol-9'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (18), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (19), cyandin-3-O-rutenoside (20), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (21), linolenic acid (22), and 1,2-di-O-α-linolenoyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (23). (Reference 2)

There is limited reference for its application on weight-loss and weight management. While a few research articles were found on its "anti-aging" application mainly on animals. One study tested its effects in mice and found it improved mood and protected brain cells, offering similar benefits to existing antidepressants but with potentially fewer side effects.  The juice may also have anti-aging properties by helping maintain healthy brain cells. (Reference 3)

In another study, açai extract was found to be able to strongly protect cells from oxidative stress. Mass spectrometry analyses of HPLC fractionated extract led the researchers to the identification of malvidin and cyanidin derivatives as the most active molecules able to counteract the negative effects induced by UV-A irradiation. (Reference 4)

Very little research has been done in people on the health effects of acai products. More studies are needed to understand how it works exactly.

REFERENCE

1. Acai, Health Information, NIH, May 04, 2024.

2. Sérgio Scherrer Thomasi et al, Chemical constituents of açai berry pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) by LC-UV-BPSU/NMR and LC-UV-SPE/NMR, Nat Prod Res. 2024 Apr 13:1-8. 

3. José Rogério Souza-Monteiro et al, Antidepressant and Antiaging Effects of Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in Mice, Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019 Jul 24:2019:3614960. 

4. Ganna Petruk et al, Malvidin and cyanidin derivatives from açai fruit (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) counteract UV-A-induced oxidative stress in immortalized fibroblasts, J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 Jul:172:42-51. 

Recent Research: Aloe Vera

Aloe is a cactus-like plant that grows in hot, dry climates. It is cultivated in subtropical regions around the world, such as the southern border areas of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Aloe has been used for skin conditions and was thought to improve baldness and promote wound healing. Topical use of aloe is promoted for acne, lichen planus (a very itchy rash on the skin or in the mouth), oral submucous fibrosis, burning mouth syndrome, burns, and radiation-induced skin toxicity. Oral use of aloe is promoted for weight loss, diabetes, hepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. (1) However, extensive studies are needed to confirm the claims.

RECENT RESEARCH

In a stroke, the blood flow to the brain gets blocked, brain cells may die. Microglia are like tiny caretakers in the brain. They can help clean up damage and promote healing, but sometimes they can also worsen the injury. In a study, Xun Li and colleagues focused on a specific way microglia can damage brain cells, called pyroptosis. On the other hand, aloe-emodin is a natural compound found in aloe vera. It belongs to a class of chemicals called anthraquinones, which are known for their laxative effects. Researchers wanted to see if aloe-emodin could help protect the brain after a stroke by influencing microglia. They created mini-strokes in the lab using special techniques. They gave aloe-emodin to some of the cells and looked at how the microglia reacted. They then measured brain function, cell death, and microglia activity. They found, aloe-emodin improved brain function and reduced damage after a stroke. It also seemed to calm down the microglia and prevent them from harming other brain cells. This calming effect may be due to aloe-emodin's influence on a specific pathway inside the microglia. This study suggests that aloe-emodin has potential to be a future treatment for stroke. But lots more research are needed to confirm its effects. (2)

Radiation therapy for breast cancer can irritate the skin, causing redness, dryness, and discomfort (radiation dermatitis). A study compared a new cream (Alantel®) made from natural products to a regular moisturizer to see if it could help prevent this irritation. This was a controlled experiment with two groups: One group used Alantel® cream. The other group used a regular moisturizer. Neither the patients nor the doctors knew which cream each person was using (double-blind). Totally, 70 women with breast cancer undergoing radiation therapy participated. The group using Alantel® was found to have fewer cases of skin irritation compared to the moisturizer group after 4 weeks. The Alantel® group also reported less difficulty with daily activities due to skin problems.This study suggests that Alantel® cream may be effective in reducing skin irritation caused by radiation therapy for breast cancer. More research is needed, but this is a promising finding for women undergoing radiation treatment. (3)

It is known that burn injuries cause severe pain, infection risks, psychological distress, financial burdens, and mortality, necessitating effective care. Aloe vera was reported to show wound healing potential. A study aimed to investigate aloe vera's impact on wound healing, pain management, and infection prevention in burn patients. Yu-Ning Huang and colleagues ran a systematic search on PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL was performed on 9th October 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). They found: Aloe vera significantly reduced mean wound healing time compared to other topicals, there was no significant differences in pain reduction and wound infection risk between aloe vera and control groups. Thus, they concluded that aloe vera expedites wound healing in second-degree burn patients without increased infection risk compared to other antimicrobial agents. However, the analgesic effects on burn injuries remain uncertain. 

REFERENCE

1. Aloe Vera, Health Information, NIH, May 3, 2024.

2. Xun Li et al, Aloe-emodin alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating microglial polarization and pyroptosis through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, Phytomedicine. 2024 Apr 7:129:155578.

3. E Villegas-Becerril et al, Efficacy of an aloe vera, chamomile, and thyme cosmetic cream for the prophylaxis and treatment of mild dermatitis induced by radiation therapy in breast cancer patients (the Alantel study) ,  Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2024 Apr 2:39:101288

Recent Research: Bilberry

The bilberry bush (Vaccinium myrtillus, Bilberry, European Blueberry, Whortleberry, Huckleberry) is native to northern areas of Europe and Asia, the northern United States, and Canada. Its dark berries resemble blueberries. Since Middle Ages, the berries and leaves of bilberry has been used for medicinal purposes. (1) 

Historically, bilberry has been used for different conditions, such as diarrhea, inflammation of the mouth, urinary problems, diabetes and the prevention of scurvy. It may also improve night vision, and used as dietary supplement for night vision, cataracts, varicose veins, artherosclerosis and some other conditions. For low doses, bilberry may be safe for short term use, however, bilberry may interact with a cancer drug called erlotinib (Tarceval), antidiabetes drugs, or medications that slow blood clotting. (1) Below is a summary of recent research on bilberry. 

RECENT RESEARCH

Bilberry might also be helpful for people with presbyopia and dry eyes. There is based on a small initial study. Presbyopia is a common eye condition that makes it harder to see things close up, affecting many people over 50. Dry eyes are another issue that can cause discomfort. The study looked at a combination of these three berries, finding that after 6 weeks, most people saw some improvement in their near vision. There was also an initial improvement in dry eye symptoms, but this lessened over time. It's important to note that this is a very early study and more research is needed to confirm these findings. However, it suggests bilberry might be a natural approach to help with presbyopia and dry eyes. (2)

On the other hand, a small study examined if a combination of bilberry and grape seed extract could improve health markers in people at risk of type 2 diabetes. While it didn't affect blood sugar or cholesterol, it did show a decrease in blood pressure for some participants. Interestingly, those who responded well to the supplement had different gut bacteria compared to those who didn't. This suggests bilberry might be helpful for blood pressure control in some people, but more research is needed to understand exactly who might benefit most. (3)

REFERENCE

1. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets, NIH, May 3, 2024.

2. Dorota Szumny et al, Extract from Aronia melanocarpa, Lonicera caerulea, and Vaccinium myrtillus Improves near Visual Acuity in People with Presbyopia, Randomized Controlled Trial Nutrients. 2024 Mar 23;16(7):926.

3. Teresa Grohmann et al, A grape seed and bilberry extract reduces blood pressure in individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes: the PRECISE study, a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over intervention study,  Front Nutr. 2023 Jun 7:10:1139880

Review / Recent Research: 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is a chemical byproduct of the protein building block L-tryptophan. It is produced commercially from the seeds of an African plant known as Griffonia simplicifolia. 5-HTP can be converted to serotonin in the body. It works in the brain and central nervous system by increasing the production of serotonin. Serotonin can affect sleep, appetite, temperature, sexual behavior, and pain sensation. Since 5-HTP increases serotonin levels, it is used for conditions in which serotonin is believed to play an important role. These possibly include depression, anxiety, and many other conditions. However, it may be ineffective for improving muscle strength or development in children with Down syndrome. (1) 

According to the reference 1, it is possibly safe to take 5-HTP by mouth in doses of up to 400 mg daily for up to one year. The most common side effects include heartburn, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, sexual problems, and muscle problems. Large doses of 5-HTP, such as 6-10 grams daily, are possibly unsafe. These doses have been linked to severe stomach problems and muscle spasms. And, some people who have taken 5-HTP have developed a serious health condition called eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS). (1)

RECENT RESEARCH

Clarinda Nataria Sutanto and colleagues studied whether a daily supplement of 5-HTP, a natural precursor to sleep hormones, could improve sleep in older adults. They divided 30 people over 65 into two groups, one taking 5-HTP and the other not. After 12 weeks, they found that people who already had trouble sleeping benefited the most from the supplement, reporting better sleep quality. Interestingly, the supplement also seemed to improve the gut bacteria of those who had poor sleep initially. Overall, this small study suggests that 5-HTP might be a helpful option for older adults with sleep problems. (2)

Researchers studied how a common chemotherapy drug (doxorubicin) damages the heart and found a way to potentially prevent this damage. The drug works well against cancer, but it weakens the heart muscle over time. They discovered that the drug disrupts communication between heart cells, leading to a weaker heart structure. They then found that a substance the body naturally produces (5-HTP) can block this communication disruption and protect the heart from the chemotherapy drug's harmful effects. Importantly, this protection doesn't prevent the drug from working against cancer. This research suggests that 5-HTP might be a future medicine to help people undergoing this type of chemotherapy avoid heart damage. {3}

REFERENCE

1. 5-HTP, MedlinePlus, May 2, 2024.

2. Clarinda Nataria Sutanto et al, The impact of 5-hydroxytryptophan supplementation on sleep quality and gut microbiota composition in older adults: A randomized controlled trial, Randomized Controlled Trial Clin Nutr. 2024 Mar;43(3):593-602. 

3. Wenshe Sun et al, 5-Hydroxytryptophan acts as a gap junction inhibitor to limit the spread of chemotherapy-induced cardiomyocyte injury and mitochondrial dysfunction, Aging (Albany NY). 2024 Mar 10;16(5):4889-4903.

Review: Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha (Withania somifera (L.); Indian ginseng; winter cherry) is an evergreen shrub cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa, and Europe. its roots are said to smell like a wet horse. Ashwagandha has been used in the traditional Ayurvedic and Unani medicine systems as an adaptogen, which is considered as a substance that increases the a person's ability to resist, adapt, or become resilient in nonspecific ways to biological, physical, or chemical stressors. Ashwagandha may induce sleeping, and it is commonly promoted for stress and anxiety reduction and for cognitive disorders. Ashwagandha has lots of phytochemicals, such as withanolides and alkaloids. Withanolides are believed to contribute lots of ashwagandha’s beneficial effects. However, evidence suggests that other compounds may also be involved.

POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS

A 2021 systematic review identified seven studies investigating ashwagandha to treat stress and anxiety. Overall, the they found that ashwagandha significantly reduced stress and anxiety levels, reduced sleeplessness and fatigue, and reduced serum cortisol levels, compared with placebo. In several studies, benefits appeared to be greater with doses of 500 to 600 mg/day compared with lower doses. Results from three additional sstudies published after this 2021 review also suggest that ashwagandha has a beneficial impact on perceived stress. Another study of ashwagandha extract in India also showed an effect of lowering serum cortisol levels. In a double-blind trial, an extract containing 2.5 mg of withanolides per 350 mg capsule, dose of twice a day, showed increased well-being including a sense of calm, improved energy levels, heightened mental clarity, and enhanced sleep quality. 

One study of 150 healthy men and women with self-reported sleep problems showed ashwagandha extracts helped with subjects in sleep quality such as total sleep time, sleep latency (time taken to fall asleep), and awakening after sleep onset. Another study of 80 healthy men and women and 5 other studies also showed the sleep-improvement effect of ashwagandha. 

POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS

In the studies described above and in many other clinical trials, ashwagandha has been well tolerated by subjects for up to about 3 months of use. Common side effects are mild and include stomach upset, loose stools, nausea, and drowsiness. There aer also few cases of serious side effects related to liver functions, thyroid functions or even abortion. Anyway, ashwagandha appears to be well tolerated for up to 3 months of use. Users should watch if there are any possible side effects, and discuss with a medical doctor before starting any supplements.

REFERENCE

Ashwagandha: Is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep? NIH, Online Publication, May 2, 2024

Quick View: Ayurvedic Herbs

Ayurvedic herbs are plants and plant parts used in traditional Indian medicine, Ayurveda.  Ayurveda is a holistic system of medicine that has been practiced in India for thousands of years. It emphasizes the balance between the mind, body, and spirit. Ayurvedic herbs are thought to promote health and well-being by balancing the body's three doshas, or energies: vata, pitta, and kapha.

Here is a list of popular Ayurvedic herbs:

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): An adaptogenic herb that is used to reduce stress and anxiety, improve sleep, and boost energy levels.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa): A well-known anti-inflammatory herb that is used to treat a variety of conditions, including arthritis, pain, and digestive disorders.

Triphala: A blend of three fruits (amalaki, bibhitaki, and haritaki) that is used to improve digestion and elimination.

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): An herb that is used to improve memory and cognitive function.

Gotu kola (Centella asiatica): An herb that is used to improve circulation, wound healing, and cognitive function.

Amla (Emblica officinalis): A fruit that is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants. It is used to boost the immune system. 

It is important to note that Ayurvedic herbs are not a regulated medical product in the United States.  This means that the safety and efficacy of these herbs have not been rigorously studied.  It is always best to speak with a qualified healthcare professional before using any Ayurvedic herb.

Recent Research: Melatonin

In a review article, Esther M Speksnijder and colleagues state that using hormones such as adrenal glucocorticoids and melatonin and the autonomic nervous system, the SCN modulates critical processes such as glucose production and insulin sensitivity. (1) Thus, it is interesting to understand how melatonin acts on glucose homeostasis or related issues.

According to the research titled “Melatonin Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity by Mitigating Inflammation and Activating AMPK Signaling in a Mouse Model of Sleep Fragmentation,” melatonin appears to play a crucial role in glucose homeostasis and metabolic health. Here are the key findings from the study conducted by Seok Hyun Hong and colleagues:

Sleep Fragmentation (SF) and Metabolic Dysfunction:

Sleep fragmentation, characterized by disrupted sleep patterns, can lead to inflammation and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sleep Fragmentation is associated with inflammation in adipose tissue and insulin resistance.

Melatonin’s Potential Beneficial Effects:

Previous studies have suggested that melatonin might have metabolic benefits due to its ability to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a key cellular energy-sensing complex that plays a role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.

The Experiment:

The researchers conducted an experiment using adult male C57BL/6 mice. The mice were divided into three groups: Control group (no SF), SF group (housed in SF chambers), SF+Mel group (SF mice with daily oral melatonin treatment) After 12 weeks, various assessments were performed, including glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance tests, and AMPK assessments.

Results:

SF mice showed increased weight gain, impaired glucose regulation, inflammation, and decreased AMPK expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) compared to the controls. Melatonin treatment significantly improved these outcomes by mitigating SF-induced metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and AMPK downregulation in adipose tissue.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Melatonin:

The study suggests that melatonin’s ability to restore adipose tissue homeostatic pathways may contribute to its therapeutic efficacy against cardiometabolic impairments induced by SF. In summary, melatonin appears to positively impact glucose homeostasis by restoring AMPK expression and related pathways in adipose tissue. Its potential as a therapeutic agent for metabolic dysfunction warrants further investigation.

REFERENCES

1. Esther M Speksnijder et al, Circadian desynchrony and glucose metabolism, J Pineal Res. 2024 May;76(4):e12956. doi: 10.1111/jpi.12956.

2. Seok Hyun Hong et al, Melatonin Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity by Mitigating Inflammation and Activating AMPK Signaling in a Mouse Model of Sleep Fragmentation, Cells. 2024 Mar 7;13(6):470. doi: 10.3390/cells13060470.

Recent Research; Turmeric

Turmeric is a spice that contains curcumin, a compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Turmeric supplements may help with arthritis pain and inflammation. Here, we are going to review a few articles on this topic:

Vishnu Mittal and colleagues have published an article on herbal interventions in rheumatoid arthritis treatment. The article suggests turmeric may be helpful in managing Rheumatoid Arthritis symptoms. The review highlights turmeric's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which might be crucial in alleviating Rheumatoid Arthritis symptoms. Turmeric may work by modulating inflammatory pathways, potentially reducing inflammation in the joints – a hallmark of Rheumatoid Arthritis. While the evidence is promising, more rigorous clinical trials are needed to confirm how effective and safe turmeric is for Rheumatoid Arthritis. (1)

While, Carla Gasbarri and Guido Angelini focus more on the active ingredients of tumeric. They state that curcumin is the main active ingredient in turmeric and is often credited with its health benefits.However, turmeric also contains another natural compound called cyclocurcumin. Although they have the same chemical formula, they behave differently. Curcumin can change its structure slightly depending on the environment, while cyclocurcumin can change shape. While curcumin gets most of the attention for its potential health benefits, cyclocurcumin is also interesting to scientists because it may act as an antioxidant, fight enzymes, and even combat viruses. Early research suggests it might be useful for treating degenerative diseases and heart problems. However, despite its potential, cyclocurcumin's use in medicine is limited because it's difficult for the body to absorb. (2)

Tingting Deng and co-workers consider that "Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation, cartilage destruction, pannus formation and bone erosion. Various immune cells, including macrophages, are involved in RA pathogenesis." They are looking at curcumin as a potential treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to joints. Part of the problem is that immune system cells called macrophages become unbalanced. These macrophages can either be helpful (M2) or harmful (M1) in RA. Curcumin seems to work by tipping the balance towards the helpful M2 macrophages, which might reduce inflammation and joint damage in RA. However, more research is needed to fully understand how effective curcumin might be. (3)

REFERENCE

1. Vishnu Mittal et al, Nature's Pharmacy: Herbal Interventions in Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment: A Comprehensive Review, Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2024 Apr 25. doi: 10.2174/0115733971294467240326074155. 

2. Carla Gasbarri et al, Cyclocurcumin as Promising Bioactive Natural Compound: An Overview, Molecules. 2024 Mar 24;29(7):1451.

3. Tingting Deng et al, Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin on macrophage polarization in rheumatoid arthritis,Front Pharmacol. 2024 Feb 28:15:1369337. 

Recent Research: CoQ10

Injuries are important medical problems that may cause inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine disorders, immune response, and hypermetabolic and catabolic responses which affect most organs in the body. Research has shown that CoQ10 may help subjects from certain injuries. Here, we are going to review a few articles on this topic:

Gulce Gel and colleagues investigated whether combining Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and ozone therapy could help rats recover from spinal cord injuries. The study found that rats given both treatments showed better results than those given either treatment alone. This suggests a combined approach might offer neuroprotective benefits by reducing cell death and improving overall recovery based on various assessments.

Soleyman Bafadam and colleagues, on the other hand, studied a potential treatment for heart damage in older rats. When blood flow to the heart is blocked and then restored (reperfusion), it can cause further damage. Researchers examined if combining two treatments, mitochondrial transplantation (injecting healthy energy centers from cells) and CoQ10 (a coenzyme), could protect the heart muscle. They found that the combination improved heart function and reduced cell death compared to either treatment alone. This suggests that combining these approaches might be a promising strategy to protect the heart from damage caused by reperfusion injury, especially in older individuals.

Zahra Kiani and colleagues investigated whether CoQ10 supplements could help patients recover from burn injuries. The study found no significant improvements in inflammation, oxidative stress, or other key recovery markers. However, patients taking CoQ10 did show an increase in albumin, a protein important for various bodily functions. More research is needed to confirm this effect and understand its potential benefits.

REFERENCE

1. Gulce Gel et al, Neuroprotective Effects Of Coenzyme Q 10 And Ozone Therapy On Experimental Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries In Rats, World Neurosurg. 2024 Apr 27:S1878-8750(24)00715-0. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.141.

2. Soleyman Bafadam et al,Mitochondrial transplantation combined with coenzyme Q10 induces cardioprotection and mitochondrial improvement in aged male rats with reperfusion injury, Exp Physiol. 2024 Mar 13. doi: 10.1113/EP091358.

3. Zahra Kiani et al, Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in burn patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, Randomized Controlled Trial Trials. 2024 Mar 2;25(1):160.