Recent Research: Dong Quai

According to NIH website, Dong quai (Angelica sinensis) is a plant that has been used for a variety of conditions, with little evidence. It may be unsafe when too much is consumed. Dong quai is a member of the same plant family as parsley, celery, and carrots. It's popular in Chinese medicine for female health concerns. The root might affect estrogen and other hormones. People commonly use dong quai for menopausal symptoms, menstrual cramps, migraine, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. Common side effects include burping, gas, and high blood pressure. (1)

RECENT RESEARCH

Xiaodong Zhi and colleagues consider that fibrosis-related diseases (FRD) include conditions like myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and others. While, Angelica sinensis may have anti-fibrosis properties in recent investigations. They conducted a thorough literature review, and they concluded that Dong Quai's constituents demonstrated significant anti-fibrosis activity. (2)

Astragalus and Dong Quai have been known to help with heart scarring (myocardial fibrosis). A study discovered a new way these herbs might be working together. When these herbs are boiled together (decoction), tiny clusters of molecules (called supramolecules) form. Pan Liang and collleagues believe that the way these molecules interact (like a puzzle) is important for their effectiveness. Tests showed that these supramolecules were successful in improving heart function and reducing scarring in lab studies and animals.This suggests that these supramolecules might be the key to how the traditional Astragalus-Angelica decoction works. (3) In a seperate study, Xiaolong Song and colleagues conducted a study aimed at the effect of Dong Quai polysaccharide (ASP) extracted from the Lixinshui prescription on cardiac disease induced by hypertension in rats. They concluded that ASP could prevent hypertensive heart disease by inhibiting myocardial fibrosis, suppressing the myocardial apoptosis, and alleviating oxidative stress. (4)

Valentina Trimarco and colleagues designed a study to measure the beneficial effects of a combination of nutraceutics (NUT) containing soy isoflavones (80 mg), dry extract of Angelica sinensis (50 mg), dry extract of Morus alba leaf (200 mg) and magnesium (56.25 mg) in the relief of somatic, psychological, and urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal patients,  The study involved a total of 43 symptomatic postmenopausal women. After a 2-week run-in period, patients were randomized into two arms. One arm received probiotics plus placebo over 4 weeks, followed by a 4-week treatment with probiotics plus NUT. The second arm received probiotics plus NUT for 4 weeks, followed by a 4-week treatment with probiotics plus placebo.  After the NUT period, participants showed a significant reduction in MRS score in comparison to baseline and the placebo period. They concluded that the NUT combination was good for menopause symptoms in postmenopausal patients. (5)

REFERENCE

1. NIH website, May 04, 2024

2. Xiaodong Zhi et al, Therapeutic potential of Angelica sinensis in addressing organ fibrosis: A comprehensive review ,  Biomed Pharmacother  . 2024 Apr:173:116429. 

3. Pan Liang et al, Insights into the Mechanism of Supramolecular Self-Assembly in the Astragalus membranaceus- Angelica sinensis Codecoction ACS Appl Mater Interfaces  . 2023 Oct 18;15(41):47939-47954 

4. Xiaolong Song et al, Angelica sinensis Polysaccharide Alleviates Myocardial Fibrosis and Oxidative Stress in the Heart of Hypertensive Rats,  Comput Math Methods Med  . 2021 Sep 3:2021:6710006.  

5. Valentina Trimarco  et al, Effects of a new combination of nutraceuticals on postmenopausal symptoms and metabolic profile: a crossover, randomized, double-blind trial,  Int J Womens Health  . 2016 Oct 11:8:581-587.

Recent Research: Chamomile

Chamomile (German chamomile, Matricaria recutita, Chamomilla recutita) have two types: German chamomile and Roman chamomile. This fact sheet focuses on German chamomile. Chamomile was described in ancient medical writings and was an important medicinal herb in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Today, chamomile is promoted for sleeplessness, anxiety, and gastrointestinal conditions such as upset stomach, gas, and diarrhea. It is also used topically for skin conditions and for mouth sores resulting from cancer treatment. (1) Aflatoxin (AFB) is a poisonous mold that can grow on some foods and animal feed. It can make rabbits sick. Mahmoud Gamal Rashad and colleagues investigated if chamomile could improve rabbits' health and protect their livers from damage caused by AFB. In the study, rabbits were divided into four groups: 1. Chamomile group (chamomile): Given chamomile daily, 2. Mold group (AF): Given AFB daily, 3. Chamomile + Mold group (AFLCha): Given both chamomile and AFB daily, and 4. Regular group (CON): Not given chamomile or AFB. They found: Rabbits with AFB grew slower and had smaller bodies compared to those with chamomile or both. Chamomile and the chamomile + AFB groups had healthier livers and kidneys than the AFB group alone. Chamomile and the chamomile + AFB groups had stronger defenses against cell damage than the AFB group alone. The AFB group had more cell damage and weaker defenses than the chamomile and regular groups. In short, this study suggests that chamomile might help protect rabbits from the harmful effects of AFB on their livers. (2) Gastric Cancer is a prevalent malignancy worldwide. While, apigenin (Api), a natural flavonoid found in chamomile tea and some other plant-products. Api may have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties. With respect to gastric cancer, studies have systematically examined Api’s effects on cancer cells, focusing on cell proliferation, apoptosis, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, and molecular targets. The literature suggests that Api inhibits cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner Mechanistically, Api acts through the Akt/Bad/Bcl2/Bax axis, activating the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and thereby restricting cell proliferation. Though it seems that the anti-proliferative potential of Api on gastric cancer cells is particularly relevant in a more aggressive gastric cancer phenotype but can also affect normal gastric cells. (3) Farshid Bahrami and colleagues conducted a parallel-group randomized controlled design of 3 groups - the damask rose group (n = 30), the chamomile group (n = 30), and the control group (n = 30). In the damask rose and chamomile groups, three drops of 40% essential of each plant were used for inhalation aromatherapy (three drops every hour for 3 hours) The subjects are emergency orthopedic surgery patients. They found that both of the intervention groups experienced a decrease in pain and anxiety over time compared to the control group. (4) REFERENCE 1. Chamomile, Health Information, NIH website, May 04, 2024. 2. Mahmoud Gamal Rashad et al, Dietary chamomile flowers extract improved performance and mitigated aflatoxin B1 toxicity in rabbits, J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2024 Apr 30. 3. Ana Pratas et al, Effects of apigenin on gastric cancer cells, Biomed Pharmacother. 2024 Mar:172:116251. 4. Farshid Bahrami et al, Comparison of the Effects of Aromatherapy With Damask Rose and Chamomile Essential Oil on Preoperative Pain and Anxiety in Emergency Orthopedic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial, J Perianesth Nurs. 2024 Feb 1:S1089-9472(23)01031-6.

Recent Research: Black Cohosh

Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa or Cimicifuga racemosa, snakeroot, black bugbane, rattleweed, macrotys, and rheumatism weed), a member of the buttercup family, is a perennial plant native to North America. Black cohosh is most likely used for menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes (also called hot flushes) and night sweats, vaginal dryness, heart palpitations, tinnitus, vertigo, sleep disturbances, nervousness, and irritability[1].

RECENT RESEARCH

There is a report that a 76-year-old postmenopausal woman who has been taking Black Cohosh for years has had syncopal attacks multiple times during the past years associated with bradycardia with the heart rate dropping to 30 beats/minute. Discontinuation of Black Cohosh resulted in a gradual resolution of bradycardia, suggesting a plausible association.(2)

Ryoichi Sadahiro and colleagues conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials conducted to investigate the treatment effect on menopausal symptoms by Black Cohosh extract both alone or combined with other related active ingredients. They reviewed 22 articles of 2,310 menopausal women, and concluded that "black cohosh extracts were associated with significant improvements in overall menopausal symptoms." However, black cohosh did not improve anxiety significantly. (3)

REFERENCE

1. Black Cohosh, Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets, NIH website, May 04, 2024.

2. Ahmad W Haddad et al, Black Cohosh: An Uncommon Culprit of Bradycardia in Postmenopausal Women, Cureus. 2024 Mar 11;16(3):e55984. 

3. Ryoichi Sadahiro et al, Black cohosh extracts in women with menopausal symptoms: an updated pairwise meta-analysis, Menopause. 2023 Jul 1;30(7):766-773.

Recent Reseach: Acai

Acai (acai, acai berry, açaí, Euterpe oleracea, Euterpe badiocarpa) palm tree, native to tropical Central and South America, produces a deep purple fruit. The acai fruit has long been an important food source for indigenous peoples of the Amazon region. Acai products have become popular in the United States, where they have been promoted for weight-loss and anti-aging purposes. And here, we review a few articles on Acai.

RECENT RESEARCH

Sérgio Scherrer Thomasi and colleagues conducted analysis of açai berry pulp extracts with LC-UV-BPSU and LC-UV-SPE/NMR. Those techniques identified 23 metabolites: Valine (1), citric acid (2), tachioside (3), isotachioside (4), α-guaiacylglycerol (5), syringylglycerol (6), uridine (7), adenosine (8), dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (9), koaburaside (10), protocatechuic acid (11), eurycorymboside B (12), 7',8'-dihydroxy-dihydrodehydroconiferyl alcohol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (13), orientin (14), homoorientin (15), dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside (16), isolariciresinol-9'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (17), 5'-methoxyisolariciresinol-9'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (18), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (19), cyandin-3-O-rutenoside (20), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (21), linolenic acid (22), and 1,2-di-O-α-linolenoyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (23). (Reference 2)

There is limited reference for its application on weight-loss and weight management. While a few research articles were found on its "anti-aging" application mainly on animals. One study tested its effects in mice and found it improved mood and protected brain cells, offering similar benefits to existing antidepressants but with potentially fewer side effects.  The juice may also have anti-aging properties by helping maintain healthy brain cells. (Reference 3)

In another study, açai extract was found to be able to strongly protect cells from oxidative stress. Mass spectrometry analyses of HPLC fractionated extract led the researchers to the identification of malvidin and cyanidin derivatives as the most active molecules able to counteract the negative effects induced by UV-A irradiation. (Reference 4)

Very little research has been done in people on the health effects of acai products. More studies are needed to understand how it works exactly.

REFERENCE

1. Acai, Health Information, NIH, May 04, 2024.

2. Sérgio Scherrer Thomasi et al, Chemical constituents of açai berry pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) by LC-UV-BPSU/NMR and LC-UV-SPE/NMR, Nat Prod Res. 2024 Apr 13:1-8. 

3. José Rogério Souza-Monteiro et al, Antidepressant and Antiaging Effects of Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in Mice, Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019 Jul 24:2019:3614960. 

4. Ganna Petruk et al, Malvidin and cyanidin derivatives from açai fruit (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) counteract UV-A-induced oxidative stress in immortalized fibroblasts, J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 Jul:172:42-51. 

Recent Research: Aloe Vera

Aloe is a cactus-like plant that grows in hot, dry climates. It is cultivated in subtropical regions around the world, such as the southern border areas of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Aloe has been used for skin conditions and was thought to improve baldness and promote wound healing. Topical use of aloe is promoted for acne, lichen planus (a very itchy rash on the skin or in the mouth), oral submucous fibrosis, burning mouth syndrome, burns, and radiation-induced skin toxicity. Oral use of aloe is promoted for weight loss, diabetes, hepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. (1) However, extensive studies are needed to confirm the claims.

RECENT RESEARCH

In a stroke, the blood flow to the brain gets blocked, brain cells may die. Microglia are like tiny caretakers in the brain. They can help clean up damage and promote healing, but sometimes they can also worsen the injury. In a study, Xun Li and colleagues focused on a specific way microglia can damage brain cells, called pyroptosis. On the other hand, aloe-emodin is a natural compound found in aloe vera. It belongs to a class of chemicals called anthraquinones, which are known for their laxative effects. Researchers wanted to see if aloe-emodin could help protect the brain after a stroke by influencing microglia. They created mini-strokes in the lab using special techniques. They gave aloe-emodin to some of the cells and looked at how the microglia reacted. They then measured brain function, cell death, and microglia activity. They found, aloe-emodin improved brain function and reduced damage after a stroke. It also seemed to calm down the microglia and prevent them from harming other brain cells. This calming effect may be due to aloe-emodin's influence on a specific pathway inside the microglia. This study suggests that aloe-emodin has potential to be a future treatment for stroke. But lots more research are needed to confirm its effects. (2)

Radiation therapy for breast cancer can irritate the skin, causing redness, dryness, and discomfort (radiation dermatitis). A study compared a new cream (Alantel®) made from natural products to a regular moisturizer to see if it could help prevent this irritation. This was a controlled experiment with two groups: One group used Alantel® cream. The other group used a regular moisturizer. Neither the patients nor the doctors knew which cream each person was using (double-blind). Totally, 70 women with breast cancer undergoing radiation therapy participated. The group using Alantel® was found to have fewer cases of skin irritation compared to the moisturizer group after 4 weeks. The Alantel® group also reported less difficulty with daily activities due to skin problems.This study suggests that Alantel® cream may be effective in reducing skin irritation caused by radiation therapy for breast cancer. More research is needed, but this is a promising finding for women undergoing radiation treatment. (3)

It is known that burn injuries cause severe pain, infection risks, psychological distress, financial burdens, and mortality, necessitating effective care. Aloe vera was reported to show wound healing potential. A study aimed to investigate aloe vera's impact on wound healing, pain management, and infection prevention in burn patients. Yu-Ning Huang and colleagues ran a systematic search on PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL was performed on 9th October 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). They found: Aloe vera significantly reduced mean wound healing time compared to other topicals, there was no significant differences in pain reduction and wound infection risk between aloe vera and control groups. Thus, they concluded that aloe vera expedites wound healing in second-degree burn patients without increased infection risk compared to other antimicrobial agents. However, the analgesic effects on burn injuries remain uncertain. 

REFERENCE

1. Aloe Vera, Health Information, NIH, May 3, 2024.

2. Xun Li et al, Aloe-emodin alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating microglial polarization and pyroptosis through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, Phytomedicine. 2024 Apr 7:129:155578.

3. E Villegas-Becerril et al, Efficacy of an aloe vera, chamomile, and thyme cosmetic cream for the prophylaxis and treatment of mild dermatitis induced by radiation therapy in breast cancer patients (the Alantel study) ,  Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2024 Apr 2:39:101288

Recent Research: Bilberry

The bilberry bush (Vaccinium myrtillus, Bilberry, European Blueberry, Whortleberry, Huckleberry) is native to northern areas of Europe and Asia, the northern United States, and Canada. Its dark berries resemble blueberries. Since Middle Ages, the berries and leaves of bilberry has been used for medicinal purposes. (1) 

Historically, bilberry has been used for different conditions, such as diarrhea, inflammation of the mouth, urinary problems, diabetes and the prevention of scurvy. It may also improve night vision, and used as dietary supplement for night vision, cataracts, varicose veins, artherosclerosis and some other conditions. For low doses, bilberry may be safe for short term use, however, bilberry may interact with a cancer drug called erlotinib (Tarceval), antidiabetes drugs, or medications that slow blood clotting. (1) Below is a summary of recent research on bilberry. 

RECENT RESEARCH

Bilberry might also be helpful for people with presbyopia and dry eyes. There is based on a small initial study. Presbyopia is a common eye condition that makes it harder to see things close up, affecting many people over 50. Dry eyes are another issue that can cause discomfort. The study looked at a combination of these three berries, finding that after 6 weeks, most people saw some improvement in their near vision. There was also an initial improvement in dry eye symptoms, but this lessened over time. It's important to note that this is a very early study and more research is needed to confirm these findings. However, it suggests bilberry might be a natural approach to help with presbyopia and dry eyes. (2)

On the other hand, a small study examined if a combination of bilberry and grape seed extract could improve health markers in people at risk of type 2 diabetes. While it didn't affect blood sugar or cholesterol, it did show a decrease in blood pressure for some participants. Interestingly, those who responded well to the supplement had different gut bacteria compared to those who didn't. This suggests bilberry might be helpful for blood pressure control in some people, but more research is needed to understand exactly who might benefit most. (3)

REFERENCE

1. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets, NIH, May 3, 2024.

2. Dorota Szumny et al, Extract from Aronia melanocarpa, Lonicera caerulea, and Vaccinium myrtillus Improves near Visual Acuity in People with Presbyopia, Randomized Controlled Trial Nutrients. 2024 Mar 23;16(7):926.

3. Teresa Grohmann et al, A grape seed and bilberry extract reduces blood pressure in individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes: the PRECISE study, a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over intervention study,  Front Nutr. 2023 Jun 7:10:1139880

Review / Recent Research: 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is a chemical byproduct of the protein building block L-tryptophan. It is produced commercially from the seeds of an African plant known as Griffonia simplicifolia. 5-HTP can be converted to serotonin in the body. It works in the brain and central nervous system by increasing the production of serotonin. Serotonin can affect sleep, appetite, temperature, sexual behavior, and pain sensation. Since 5-HTP increases serotonin levels, it is used for conditions in which serotonin is believed to play an important role. These possibly include depression, anxiety, and many other conditions. However, it may be ineffective for improving muscle strength or development in children with Down syndrome. (1) 

According to the reference 1, it is possibly safe to take 5-HTP by mouth in doses of up to 400 mg daily for up to one year. The most common side effects include heartburn, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, sexual problems, and muscle problems. Large doses of 5-HTP, such as 6-10 grams daily, are possibly unsafe. These doses have been linked to severe stomach problems and muscle spasms. And, some people who have taken 5-HTP have developed a serious health condition called eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS). (1)

RECENT RESEARCH

Clarinda Nataria Sutanto and colleagues studied whether a daily supplement of 5-HTP, a natural precursor to sleep hormones, could improve sleep in older adults. They divided 30 people over 65 into two groups, one taking 5-HTP and the other not. After 12 weeks, they found that people who already had trouble sleeping benefited the most from the supplement, reporting better sleep quality. Interestingly, the supplement also seemed to improve the gut bacteria of those who had poor sleep initially. Overall, this small study suggests that 5-HTP might be a helpful option for older adults with sleep problems. (2)

Researchers studied how a common chemotherapy drug (doxorubicin) damages the heart and found a way to potentially prevent this damage. The drug works well against cancer, but it weakens the heart muscle over time. They discovered that the drug disrupts communication between heart cells, leading to a weaker heart structure. They then found that a substance the body naturally produces (5-HTP) can block this communication disruption and protect the heart from the chemotherapy drug's harmful effects. Importantly, this protection doesn't prevent the drug from working against cancer. This research suggests that 5-HTP might be a future medicine to help people undergoing this type of chemotherapy avoid heart damage. {3}

REFERENCE

1. 5-HTP, MedlinePlus, May 2, 2024.

2. Clarinda Nataria Sutanto et al, The impact of 5-hydroxytryptophan supplementation on sleep quality and gut microbiota composition in older adults: A randomized controlled trial, Randomized Controlled Trial Clin Nutr. 2024 Mar;43(3):593-602. 

3. Wenshe Sun et al, 5-Hydroxytryptophan acts as a gap junction inhibitor to limit the spread of chemotherapy-induced cardiomyocyte injury and mitochondrial dysfunction, Aging (Albany NY). 2024 Mar 10;16(5):4889-4903.

Review: Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha (Withania somifera (L.); Indian ginseng; winter cherry) is an evergreen shrub cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa, and Europe. its roots are said to smell like a wet horse. Ashwagandha has been used in the traditional Ayurvedic and Unani medicine systems as an adaptogen, which is considered as a substance that increases the a person's ability to resist, adapt, or become resilient in nonspecific ways to biological, physical, or chemical stressors. Ashwagandha may induce sleeping, and it is commonly promoted for stress and anxiety reduction and for cognitive disorders. Ashwagandha has lots of phytochemicals, such as withanolides and alkaloids. Withanolides are believed to contribute lots of ashwagandha’s beneficial effects. However, evidence suggests that other compounds may also be involved.

POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS

A 2021 systematic review identified seven studies investigating ashwagandha to treat stress and anxiety. Overall, the they found that ashwagandha significantly reduced stress and anxiety levels, reduced sleeplessness and fatigue, and reduced serum cortisol levels, compared with placebo. In several studies, benefits appeared to be greater with doses of 500 to 600 mg/day compared with lower doses. Results from three additional sstudies published after this 2021 review also suggest that ashwagandha has a beneficial impact on perceived stress. Another study of ashwagandha extract in India also showed an effect of lowering serum cortisol levels. In a double-blind trial, an extract containing 2.5 mg of withanolides per 350 mg capsule, dose of twice a day, showed increased well-being including a sense of calm, improved energy levels, heightened mental clarity, and enhanced sleep quality. 

One study of 150 healthy men and women with self-reported sleep problems showed ashwagandha extracts helped with subjects in sleep quality such as total sleep time, sleep latency (time taken to fall asleep), and awakening after sleep onset. Another study of 80 healthy men and women and 5 other studies also showed the sleep-improvement effect of ashwagandha. 

POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS

In the studies described above and in many other clinical trials, ashwagandha has been well tolerated by subjects for up to about 3 months of use. Common side effects are mild and include stomach upset, loose stools, nausea, and drowsiness. There aer also few cases of serious side effects related to liver functions, thyroid functions or even abortion. Anyway, ashwagandha appears to be well tolerated for up to 3 months of use. Users should watch if there are any possible side effects, and discuss with a medical doctor before starting any supplements.

REFERENCE

Ashwagandha: Is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep? NIH, Online Publication, May 2, 2024

Quick View: Ayurvedic Herbs

Ayurvedic herbs are plants and plant parts used in traditional Indian medicine, Ayurveda.  Ayurveda is a holistic system of medicine that has been practiced in India for thousands of years. It emphasizes the balance between the mind, body, and spirit. Ayurvedic herbs are thought to promote health and well-being by balancing the body's three doshas, or energies: vata, pitta, and kapha.

Here is a list of popular Ayurvedic herbs:

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): An adaptogenic herb that is used to reduce stress and anxiety, improve sleep, and boost energy levels.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa): A well-known anti-inflammatory herb that is used to treat a variety of conditions, including arthritis, pain, and digestive disorders.

Triphala: A blend of three fruits (amalaki, bibhitaki, and haritaki) that is used to improve digestion and elimination.

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): An herb that is used to improve memory and cognitive function.

Gotu kola (Centella asiatica): An herb that is used to improve circulation, wound healing, and cognitive function.

Amla (Emblica officinalis): A fruit that is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants. It is used to boost the immune system. 

It is important to note that Ayurvedic herbs are not a regulated medical product in the United States.  This means that the safety and efficacy of these herbs have not been rigorously studied.  It is always best to speak with a qualified healthcare professional before using any Ayurvedic herb.

Recent Research: Melatonin

In a review article, Esther M Speksnijder and colleagues state that using hormones such as adrenal glucocorticoids and melatonin and the autonomic nervous system, the SCN modulates critical processes such as glucose production and insulin sensitivity. (1) Thus, it is interesting to understand how melatonin acts on glucose homeostasis or related issues.

According to the research titled “Melatonin Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity by Mitigating Inflammation and Activating AMPK Signaling in a Mouse Model of Sleep Fragmentation,” melatonin appears to play a crucial role in glucose homeostasis and metabolic health. Here are the key findings from the study conducted by Seok Hyun Hong and colleagues:

Sleep Fragmentation (SF) and Metabolic Dysfunction:

Sleep fragmentation, characterized by disrupted sleep patterns, can lead to inflammation and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sleep Fragmentation is associated with inflammation in adipose tissue and insulin resistance.

Melatonin’s Potential Beneficial Effects:

Previous studies have suggested that melatonin might have metabolic benefits due to its ability to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a key cellular energy-sensing complex that plays a role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.

The Experiment:

The researchers conducted an experiment using adult male C57BL/6 mice. The mice were divided into three groups: Control group (no SF), SF group (housed in SF chambers), SF+Mel group (SF mice with daily oral melatonin treatment) After 12 weeks, various assessments were performed, including glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance tests, and AMPK assessments.

Results:

SF mice showed increased weight gain, impaired glucose regulation, inflammation, and decreased AMPK expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) compared to the controls. Melatonin treatment significantly improved these outcomes by mitigating SF-induced metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and AMPK downregulation in adipose tissue.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Melatonin:

The study suggests that melatonin’s ability to restore adipose tissue homeostatic pathways may contribute to its therapeutic efficacy against cardiometabolic impairments induced by SF. In summary, melatonin appears to positively impact glucose homeostasis by restoring AMPK expression and related pathways in adipose tissue. Its potential as a therapeutic agent for metabolic dysfunction warrants further investigation.

REFERENCES

1. Esther M Speksnijder et al, Circadian desynchrony and glucose metabolism, J Pineal Res. 2024 May;76(4):e12956. doi: 10.1111/jpi.12956.

2. Seok Hyun Hong et al, Melatonin Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity by Mitigating Inflammation and Activating AMPK Signaling in a Mouse Model of Sleep Fragmentation, Cells. 2024 Mar 7;13(6):470. doi: 10.3390/cells13060470.

Recent Research; Turmeric

Turmeric is a spice that contains curcumin, a compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Turmeric supplements may help with arthritis pain and inflammation. Here, we are going to review a few articles on this topic:

Vishnu Mittal and colleagues have published an article on herbal interventions in rheumatoid arthritis treatment. The article suggests turmeric may be helpful in managing Rheumatoid Arthritis symptoms. The review highlights turmeric's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which might be crucial in alleviating Rheumatoid Arthritis symptoms. Turmeric may work by modulating inflammatory pathways, potentially reducing inflammation in the joints – a hallmark of Rheumatoid Arthritis. While the evidence is promising, more rigorous clinical trials are needed to confirm how effective and safe turmeric is for Rheumatoid Arthritis. (1)

While, Carla Gasbarri and Guido Angelini focus more on the active ingredients of tumeric. They state that curcumin is the main active ingredient in turmeric and is often credited with its health benefits.However, turmeric also contains another natural compound called cyclocurcumin. Although they have the same chemical formula, they behave differently. Curcumin can change its structure slightly depending on the environment, while cyclocurcumin can change shape. While curcumin gets most of the attention for its potential health benefits, cyclocurcumin is also interesting to scientists because it may act as an antioxidant, fight enzymes, and even combat viruses. Early research suggests it might be useful for treating degenerative diseases and heart problems. However, despite its potential, cyclocurcumin's use in medicine is limited because it's difficult for the body to absorb. (2)

Tingting Deng and co-workers consider that "Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation, cartilage destruction, pannus formation and bone erosion. Various immune cells, including macrophages, are involved in RA pathogenesis." They are looking at curcumin as a potential treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to joints. Part of the problem is that immune system cells called macrophages become unbalanced. These macrophages can either be helpful (M2) or harmful (M1) in RA. Curcumin seems to work by tipping the balance towards the helpful M2 macrophages, which might reduce inflammation and joint damage in RA. However, more research is needed to fully understand how effective curcumin might be. (3)

REFERENCE

1. Vishnu Mittal et al, Nature's Pharmacy: Herbal Interventions in Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment: A Comprehensive Review, Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2024 Apr 25. doi: 10.2174/0115733971294467240326074155. 

2. Carla Gasbarri et al, Cyclocurcumin as Promising Bioactive Natural Compound: An Overview, Molecules. 2024 Mar 24;29(7):1451.

3. Tingting Deng et al, Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin on macrophage polarization in rheumatoid arthritis,Front Pharmacol. 2024 Feb 28:15:1369337. 

Recent Research: CoQ10

Injuries are important medical problems that may cause inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine disorders, immune response, and hypermetabolic and catabolic responses which affect most organs in the body. Research has shown that CoQ10 may help subjects from certain injuries. Here, we are going to review a few articles on this topic:

Gulce Gel and colleagues investigated whether combining Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and ozone therapy could help rats recover from spinal cord injuries. The study found that rats given both treatments showed better results than those given either treatment alone. This suggests a combined approach might offer neuroprotective benefits by reducing cell death and improving overall recovery based on various assessments.

Soleyman Bafadam and colleagues, on the other hand, studied a potential treatment for heart damage in older rats. When blood flow to the heart is blocked and then restored (reperfusion), it can cause further damage. Researchers examined if combining two treatments, mitochondrial transplantation (injecting healthy energy centers from cells) and CoQ10 (a coenzyme), could protect the heart muscle. They found that the combination improved heart function and reduced cell death compared to either treatment alone. This suggests that combining these approaches might be a promising strategy to protect the heart from damage caused by reperfusion injury, especially in older individuals.

Zahra Kiani and colleagues investigated whether CoQ10 supplements could help patients recover from burn injuries. The study found no significant improvements in inflammation, oxidative stress, or other key recovery markers. However, patients taking CoQ10 did show an increase in albumin, a protein important for various bodily functions. More research is needed to confirm this effect and understand its potential benefits.

REFERENCE

1. Gulce Gel et al, Neuroprotective Effects Of Coenzyme Q 10 And Ozone Therapy On Experimental Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries In Rats, World Neurosurg. 2024 Apr 27:S1878-8750(24)00715-0. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.141.

2. Soleyman Bafadam et al,Mitochondrial transplantation combined with coenzyme Q10 induces cardioprotection and mitochondrial improvement in aged male rats with reperfusion injury, Exp Physiol. 2024 Mar 13. doi: 10.1113/EP091358.

3. Zahra Kiani et al, Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in burn patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, Randomized Controlled Trial Trials. 2024 Mar 2;25(1):160. 

Recent Research: Probiotics

Probiotic administration is a promising therapy for improving conditions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients and potentially some other types of conditions. Here, we are going to review a few articles recently published on this topic:

Ehsan Amini-Salehi and colleagues conducted a study to investigate how improving gut bacteria with probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics affects body measurements in people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (1)

Studies suggest these gut health supplements might benefit non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients, but the exact effects are unclear. Thus, Ehsan Amini-Salehi and colleagues reviewed studies published up to June 2023 that looked at the effects of these supplements on body measurements (BMI, weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients.They found, Body Mass Index (BMI) significantly decreased with gut microbiota modulation. Weight and waist circumference did not change significantly, although there was a trend towards decrease in weight. They reported that probiotics seemed to have the strongest effect on lowering BMI, followed by prebiotics and synbiotics.However, there wasn't enough data on waist-to-hip ratio or waist-to-height ratio. They concluded that modulating gut bacteria with these supplements may help reduce BMI in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients, but more research is needed to confirm effects on other body measurements. (1)

Yafang Yang and colleagues also ran a similar study. They analyzed multiple studies on probiotics for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and found that a combination of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus bacteria appears to be most effective. This specific combination showed the greatest potential for improving liver enzyme levels, blood fat levels, and reducing inflammation markers, compared to other single or combined strains of probiotics. These results provide valuable insights for developing future treatment guidelines using probiotics for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (2)

Probiotics may offer additional benefits following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. A study conducted by Hamid Melali and colleagues found that while both groups lost weight after surgery, those taking probiotics had better blood sugar control (lower fasting blood sugar and HbA1c), higher vitamin B12 levels, and improved gut health (based on GI symptoms) compared to those taking a placebo. (3)

REFERENCE

1. Ehsan Amini-Salehi et al, Can modulation of gut microbiota affect anthropometric indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? An umbrella meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2024 Jan 25;86(5):2900-2910.

2. Yafang Yang et al, Optimal probiotic combinations for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis, Clin Nutr. 2024 Apr 13;43(6):1224-1239. 

3. Hamid Melali et al,Impact of Probiotics on Gastrointestinal Function and Metabolic Status After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial, Obes Surg. 2024 Apr 23. doi: 10.1007/s11695-024-07225-1. 

10 Popular Health Supplements

Here is a list of 10 popular supplements with their health benefit claims. 

Vitamin D:  An essential nutrient for bone health and immune function.

Multivitamins: A combination of vitamins and minerals that can help fill nutrient gaps in our diet.

Vitamin C: An antioxidant that helps support the immune system and may help reduce the severity and duration of colds.

Probiotics: Live bacteria that can improve gut health and may help with digestion, bloating, and diarrhea.

Magnesium: A mineral that is important for muscle function, blood pressure regulation, and energy production.

Fish Oil: A good source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are important for heart health, brain function, and inflammation.

CoQ10: An antioxidant that is involved in energy production in cells. CoQ10 levels decline with age, and some studies suggest that CoQ10 supplements may help improve heart health.

Turmeric: A spice that contains curcumin, a compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Turmeric supplements may help with arthritis pain and inflammation.

Melatonin: A hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles. Melatonin supplements may be helpful for people with insomnia or jet lag.

Elderberry:  A fruit that has been used for centuries to treat colds and flu. However, the evidence for its effectiveness is mixed.

The content of this article is based on multiple research/review articles. For accuracy and details, please check with a doctor. Remember, it is always best to talk to the doctor before starting any new supplements.

Review: Sucralose

Sucralose (trichlorogalactosucrose, a unique disaccharide, a key ingredient of Splenda) is an artificial sweetener from native sucrose that was approved by the FDA on April 1, 1998 (April Fool's Day). Popular brand name of sucralose-based sweetener is Splenda. Sucralose is relatively safe for diabetes, as it does not alter insulin levels and does not carry calories.

According to Wikipedia.com, some adverse side effects were seen at doses that significantly exceeded the estimated daily intake (EDI), which is 1.1 mg/kg/day. About 11-27% of sucralose is absorbed.

Sucralose Side Effects

Patel RM and co-workers from Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, ported a potential association between sucralose and migraines. [1] Bigal ME and Krymchantowski AV from The Albert Einstein College of Medicine. NY, reported a patient with attacks of migraine consistently triggered by sucralose. She also suffers from menstrually related migraine that had been well-controlled for several months since she switched her contraceptive from fixed estrogen to triphasic contraceptive pills. Some attacks triggered by sucralose were preceded by aura, and she had never experienced migraine with aura before. Withdrawal of the compound was associated with complete resolution of the attacks. [2]

Goldsmith LA from McNeil Specialty Products Company published a paper titled, "Acute and subchronic toxicity of sucralose" in Food Chem Toxicol. in 2000 and he claimed that he observed no toxicologically significant effects at the 1.0% or 2.5% dietary levels of sucralose for 4 and 8 weeks in male and female mice. [4] 

Now the questions are: What happens if an animal takes it daily for a year or longer? What would be the sucralose side effect, if any?

A 52 week-study of rats showed that sucralose was not carcinogenic. Sucralose did not adversely affect the survival or clinical condition of the rats, and there were no toxicologically significant findings. However, adverse side effects were noticed in the sucralose treated female groups especially at higher doses. The adverse findings included renal pelvic epithelial hyperplasia, renal pelvic mineralization and adrenal cortical haemorrhagic degeneration. While, cataracts were found in male rats at high doses. [3] If this is applicable to human, we should not overdose ourselves with sucralose. 

According to Medicinenet.com [l], sucralose side effects include bloating, gas, diarrhea, nausea, skin irritations, wheezing, cough, runny nose, chest pains, palpitations, anxiety, anger, moods swings, depression, and itchy eyes. Further, surcralose may interfere drug absorption and microorganism populations in our gut.

Reference:

[1] Patel RM, Sarma R, Grimsley E. Popular sweetner sucralose as a migraine trigger. Headache. 2006 Sep;46(8):1303-4. 

[2] Bigal ME, Krymchantowski AV. Migraine triggered by sucralose--a case report. Headache. 2006 Mar;46(3):515-7. 

[3] Mann SW, Yuschak MM, Amyes SJ, Aughton P, Finn JP. A combined chronic toxicity / carcinogenicity study of sucralose in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38 Suppl 2:S71-89. 

[4] Goldsmith LA. Acute and subchronic toxicity of sucralose. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38 Suppl 2:S53-69.

Review: Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin is a natural pigment found in microalgae, some types of seafood (like salmon). Studies suggest astaxanthin might improve blood flow and reduce inflammation, but more research is needed to confirm these effects and understand how they might translate into improved health outcomes.

Safety Studies on Astaxanthin: A Simpler Explanation

Here's a breakdown of what scientists have found about the safety of astaxanthin in studies on animals and humans:

Animal Studies:

• Scientists fed rats increasing amounts of astaxanthin for 90 days. Even at the highest dose, the rats showed no major weight changes, blood problems, or other harmful effects. However, at this high dose, some changes were seen in the kidneys, but they weren't considered serious. (1)

Human Studies:

• A study looked at healthy adults taking astaxanthin supplements for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences between those taking astaxanthin and those taking a placebo (dummy pill), except for very minor changes in some blood test results that weren't medically important. This suggests astaxanthin at this dose (6mg daily) is safe for healthy adults. (2)
• Another study examined the effects of astaxanthin on blood flow in men. They found a slight improvement in blood flow after 10 days of taking astaxanthin (6mg daily) compared to a placebo. Again, no safety concerns were identified. (3)

Additional Information:

• Studies also showed that astaxanthin gets stored in various organs and tissues, with the highest concentration in the skin (which explains the pink/red color in some animals). This storage seems to be temporary, and the body eliminates astaxanthin relatively quickly. However, potential adverse effects such as lesions in the kidneys of three animals and a slight change in the leucogram were noted. (4)

Key Takeaways:

• Based on these studies, astaxanthin appears to be safe for consumption at moderate doses (around 6mg daily) in healthy adults.
• More research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects and any potential benefits of astaxanthin.

Important Note:

• This information is for general knowledge only and should not be taken as medical advice. Always consult with a doctor before taking any supplements.

Review: Elderberry for Respiratory Illness, COVID-19 Infection.

A review by Dr. Susan Wieland of the University of Maryland School of Medicine and colleagues examined the use of elderberry for preventing and treating viral respiratory illnesses.

Background:

Elderberry has a long history of use for respiratory issues. During the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in elderberry supplements for preventing or treating the illness surged. However, concerns existed regarding elderberry potentially overstimulating the immune system and triggering a cytokine storm (an excessive immune response). Dr. Wieland's team aimed to assess the benefits and potential side effects of elderberry for these purposes.

Methods:

The researchers searched six databases, four research registries, and preprint materials, screening 1187 records. They identified five randomized trials on elderberry for treating or preventing viral respiratory illnesses. They found no studies linking elderberry to clinical inflammation issues, but three studies examined cytokine production after elderberry intake in a lab setting (ex vivo).

Results:

• The review suggested elderberry might not prevent the common cold but could potentially reduce its duration and severity. Similar findings were seen for influenza, although the evidence for both effects was considered inconclusive. (1)
• The researchers compared elderberry supplements to oseltamivir (an antiviral medication). They found that elderberry might be associated with a lower risk of influenza complications and side effects. However, evidence regarding elderberry and clinical inflammation outcomes was lacking. Interestingly, some evidence suggested elderberry might influence inflammatory markers, though this effect may diminish with continued use.
• A small study compared elderberry's effectiveness in reducing cytokines over time to diclofenac (an anti-inflammatory drug). The results suggested elderberry might be equally or slightly less effective than diclofenac. (1,2)

(Note: A brief explanation of cytokines was added for clarity)

Additional Research on Potential COVID-19 Treatments

A separate review by Brett R. Martin and Joshua Richarson examined research articles from 2005 to 2021 on potential treatments for coronavirus infections. They focused on substances with anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulating, or antiviral properties, including vitamin D, zinc, vitamin A, elderberry, garlic, licorice, stinging nettle, N-acetylcysteine, quercetin, and selenium. Their findings suggested these substances might offer some benefit, but only vitamin D, zinc, licorice, quercetin, and selenium had research specifically related to COVID-19 effects. (3)

REFERENCES

1. Susan Wieland et al, Elderberry for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory illnesses: a systemactic review, BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021 Apr 7;21(1):112. 

2. Wikipedia, September 2022 

3. Brett Martin and Joshua Richardson, An exploratory review of potential adjunct therapies for the treatment of coronavirus infections, J. CHiropr. Med. 2021 Dec; 20(4):199-217.

Review: Linoleic Acid

Linoleic acid (LA) is an unsaturated n-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature. In physiological literature, it has a lipid number of 18:2(n-6). Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid used in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid (AA) and thus some prostaglandins. It is found in the lipids of cell membranes. Thus, a lack of linoleic acid and other n-6 fatty acids in the diet causes dry hair, hair loss, and poor wound healing. However, linoleic acid is abundant in many foods, especially plant oils, thus, a deficiency in linoleic acid is almost impossible. [Wikipedia, 2011]

Epidemiological studies show that Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) dietary intake significantly lowers blood LDL-cholesterol levels. In addition, n-6 PUFA intake lower several cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure, inflammatory markers, haemostatic parameters and obesity. [2] However, a study of 2069 men and women, linoleic acid intake was inversely associated with total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in women but not in men. Linoleic acid intake was not associated with the ratio of total to HDL-cholesterol. No association was observed between linoleic acid intake and CHD incidence. [1]

An international cross-sectional epidemiological study of 4680 men and women ages 40 to 59 suggests associations of linoleic acid intake of individuals with their blood pressure. Dietary linoleic acid intake may contribute to prevention and control of adverse blood pressure levels in general populations. [3]

Linoleic acid (LA) is know to induce proliferation and invasion in breast cancer cells. [4] Linoleic acid stimulated growth of the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines in culture. [5]Human MCF-7 breast cancer cells were incubated for 12 d in culture medium supplemented with various concentrations (1.78-7.14 x 10(-5) M) of linoleic acid (LA) or CLA. Linoleic acid initially stimulated MCF-7 cell growth with an optimal effect at concentrations of 3.57-7.14 x 10(-5) M, but was inhibitory at similar concentrations after 8 and 12 d of incubation. [6] Thus, at certain concentrations, linoleic acid is a cancer-enhancer while at certain concentrations, it is an anti-cancer agent. 

REFERENCE

[1] de Goede J, et al,Linoleic acid intake, plasma cholesterol and 10-year incidence of CHD in 20 000 middle-aged men and women in the Netherlands. Br J Nutr. 2011 Aug 5:1-7.

[2] Czernichow S, N-6 fatty acids and cardiovascular health: dietary intake recommendations Med Sci (Paris). 2011 Jun-Jul;27(6-7):614-8.

[3] Miura K, et al, Relationship of dietary linoleic acid to blood pressure. The International Study of Macro-Micronutrients and Blood Pressure Study [corrected]. Hypertension. 2008 Aug;52(2):408-14. 

[4] Espinosa-Neira R et al, Linoleic acid induces an EMT-like process in mammary epithelial cells MCF10A. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2011 Sep 16. 

[5] Rose DP, Connolly JM. Stimulation of growth of human breast cancer cell lines in culture by linoleic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Oct 16;164(1):277-83. 

[6] Shultz TD, Chew BP, Seaman WR., Differential stimulatory and inhibitory responses of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells to linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in culture. Anticancer Res. 1992 Nov-Dec;12(6B):2143-5

Review: Acidophilus

 Acidophilus, also known as Lactobacillus acidophilus, is a type of "good" bacteria naturally found in your gut and other parts of your body. It's often taken as a probiotic supplement to promote gut health, but like any other substance, it has both pros and cons. 

 Benefits of Acidophilus: 

 Digestive Health: Acidophilus can help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in your gut, which can aid digestion, reduce bloating and gas, and even alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). 

Boosts Immunity: Some studies suggest acidophilus may boost your immune system and help fight off infections, though more research is needed. 

Vaginal Health: Acidophilus can be used topically (as a suppository) or orally to treat bacterial vaginosis, a common vaginal infection. 

Cholesterol: Some studies suggest acidophilus may help lower LDL (bad) cholesterol and raise HDL (good) cholesterol, though the evidence is mixed. 

Side Effects of Acidophilus: 

 Mild digestive issues: In some people, acidophilus can cause bloating, gas, or diarrhea, especially when taken in high doses. These usually go away after a few days. 

Interactions with medications: Acidophilus may interact with certain medications, such as antibiotics and immunosuppressants. It's important to talk to your doctor before taking acidophilus if you're on any medications. 

Safety concerns: While generally safe for most healthy adults, acidophilus may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems, serious illnesses, or infants. 

Consult your doctor before taking it if you have any health concerns. Important to remember: The effectiveness of acidophilus varies depending on the strain, dosage, and individual factors. Always choose high-quality acidophilus supplements from reputable brands. Start with a low dose and increase gradually as tolerated. It's best to talk to your doctor before taking acidophilus, especially if you have any underlying health conditions. 

Conclusion: Acidophilus can offer some potential health benefits, particularly for gut health and vaginal health. However, it's crucial to be aware of the possible side effects and consult your doctor before taking it, especially if you have any health concerns. Remember, a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle are key for overall well-being. 

 Reference: 

 Huijuan Gao et al, The Functional Roles of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Different Physiological and Pathological Processes, J Microbiol Biotechnol . 2022 Oct 28;32(10):1226-1233. 

 R Russo Evidence-based mixture containing Lactobacillus strains and lactoferrin to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial Benef Microbes . 2019 Feb 8;10(1):19-26. 

 H S Kim, S E Gilliland Lactobacillus acidophilus as a dietary adjunct for milk to aid lactose digestion in humans J Dairy Sci . 1983 May;66(5):959-66. 

 Ju Kyoung Oh et al, Prevention of Cholesterol Gallstone Formation by Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 and Lactobacillus fermentum MF27 in Lithogenic Diet-Induced Mice , Food Sci Anim Resour . 2021 Mar;41(2):343-352

Acetyl-L-Carnitine: Balancing Benefits and Side Effects

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is a supplement often touted for its potential benefits in boosting energy, enhancing memory, and improving athletic performance. While it may offer some advantages, it's important to consider both the potential benefits and side effects before adding it to your routine.

Benefits:

• Improved Energy: Acetyl-L-carnitine plays a role in energy production within cells, and some studies suggest it may reduce fatigue and boost energy levels, especially in older adults or those with chronic fatigue syndrome.
• Enhanced Cognitive Function: Some research indicates acetyl-L-carnitine may benefit cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease. However, the evidence is inconsistent and more research is needed.
• Athletic Performance: Studies suggest acetyl-L-carnitine may slightly improve exercise performance in certain cases, like endurance activities or recovery after exercise.
• Other Potential Benefits: Acetyl-L-carnitine is also being investigated for its potential role in managing various conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and depression, but the evidence is still limited.

Side Effects:

• Mild Digestive Issues: The most common side effects of acetyl-L-carnitine are mild, including stomach upset, nausea, diarrhea, and heartburn. These usually occur at higher doses and often subside after a few days.
• Increased Blood Pressure: Studies have shown acetyl-L-carnitine can slightly elevate blood pressure in some individuals. If you have hypertension, monitor your blood pressure closely and consult your doctor before taking acetyl-L-carnitine.
• Headaches and Insomnia: Some people may experience headaches or trouble sleeping while taking ALC.
• Interactions with Medications: Acetyl-L-carnitine may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners or thyroid medications. Always consult your doctor before taking ALC if you're on any medications.
• Other Concerns: Pregnant or breastfeeding women and people with certain medical conditions should avoid acetyl-L-carnitine unless advised by their doctor.

Important Takeaways:

• The effectiveness of acetyl-L-carnitine varies depending on individual factors like dosage, age, and underlying health conditions.
• While some potential benefits exist, acetyl-L-carnitine is not a miracle cure and should not replace a healthy lifestyle and medical treatment.
• Start with a low dose and gradually increase as tolerated, monitoring for any side effects.
• Always consult your doctor before taking acetyl-L-carnitine, especially if you have any health concerns or take medications.

Remember, a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep are the cornerstones of good health. Consider ALC as a potential supporting element but prioritize a comprehensive approach to well-being.

Reference:

Giulia Malaguarnera et al, Acetyl-L-carnitine Slows the Progression from Prefrailty to Frailty in Older Subjects: A Randomized Interventional Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled TrialCurr Pharm Des. 2022;28(38):3158-3166.

Michele Malaguarnera et al, Oral acetyl-L-carnitine therapy reduces fatigue in overt hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Apr;93(4):799-808. 

Sheng-Min Wang et al, A review of current evidence for acetyl-l-carnitine in the treatment of depression J Psychiatr Res. 2014 Jun:53:30-7.

Review: Acai Berry

The acai berry, hailing from the Amazon rainforest, has gained immense popularity for its vibrant purple color, antioxidant content, and purported health benefits. However, as with any food, it's essential to understand its composition, nutrients, potential benefits, and side effects before adding it to your diet.

Composition:

Acai berries are small, round fruits with a single large seed and a thin outer skin. They contain about 70% water and 30% solids, consisting of:

• Carbohydrates: The primary carbohydrate is fiber, with smaller amounts of sugar.
• Fats: Acai berries are surprisingly high in healthy fats, primarily monounsaturated and polyunsaturated.
• Protein: They contain a small amount of protein.
• Vitamins and Minerals: Acai berries are a good source of vitamin A, vitamin C, and fiber. They also contain small amounts of other vitamins and minerals like calcium, iron, and potassium.
• Plant Compounds: Acai berries are rich in various plant compounds like anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and phytosterols, which contribute to their antioxidant and potential health benefits.

Nutrients:

While not a nutritional powerhouse compared to some fruits and vegetables, acai berries offer a valuable mix of nutrients:

• Antioxidants: The high concentration of anthocyanins and other plant compounds provides significant antioxidant activity, potentially protecting cells from damage and chronic diseases.
• Fiber: Dietary fiber aids digestion, promotes gut health, and contributes to satiety.
• Healthy Fats: The monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats in acai berries are beneficial for heart health and overall well-being.
• Vitamins and Minerals: While not abundant, the vitamins and minerals present contribute to various bodily functions and overall health.

Potential Benefits:

Research suggests acai berries may offer several health benefits, though further studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness:

• Improved Heart Health: The antioxidants and fatty acid profile may contribute to lowering bad cholesterol and blood pressure, potentially benefiting heart health.
• Anti-inflammatory Properties: Acai berries' plant compounds may have anti-inflammatory effects, potentially beneficial for various conditions like arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
• Brain Health: Some studies suggest acai berries may improve cognitive function and memory, though more research is needed.
• Blood Sugar Control: Preliminary research suggests acai berries may help regulate blood sugar levels, potentially beneficial for managing diabetes.

Side Effects:

While generally safe for most healthy adults, acai berries can have some side effects:

• Digestive Issues: High intake may cause bloating, gas, and diarrhea, especially in sensitive individuals.
• Blood Thinning: Acai berries may interact with blood-thinning medications, increasing bleeding risk. Consult your doctor before consuming acai if you take such medications.
• Allergic Reactions: Some people may experience allergic reactions to acai berries, including skin rashes and respiratory problems.
• High Sugar Content: Processed acai products like juices and smoothies often contain added sugars. Choose unsweetened options to avoid excessive sugar intake.

Conclusion:

Acai berries, with their unique nutrient profile and potential health benefits, can be a valuable addition to a balanced diet. However, it's crucial to be mindful of their potential side effects and consumption limitations. Consider incorporating them in moderation, prioritize whole fruits over processed versions, and consult your doctor if you have any health concerns before including them in your diet.

Reference

Lucas Fornari Laurindo et al, Açaí ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in Health and Disease: A Critical Review , Nutrients. 2023 Feb 16;15(4):989. 

Maryam N ALNasser et al, Acai Berry ( Euterpe sp.) Extracts Are Neuroprotective against L-Glutamate-Induced Toxicity by Limiting Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cellular Redox Stress Life (Basel). 2023 Apr 15;13(4):1019. 

Kyeong Jin Kim et al, Acai berry extract as a regulator of intestinal inflammation pathways in a Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 co-culture model, J Food Biochem. 2021 Jul 5:e13848.

Daniela Impellizzeri et al, Molecular targets for anti-oxidative protection of açaí berry against diabetes myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury , Free Radic Res. 2023 May;57(5):339-352. 

Five health supplements for menopause

 While there's no one-size-fits-all approach to managing menopause symptoms, certain supplements have shown promise in alleviating specific concerns. Here are 5 well-regarded options to consider, but remember to consult your doctor before starting any new supplement regimen:

1. Black Cohosh: This herb has been traditionally used for centuries to relieve hot flashes and night sweats, common vasomotor symptoms during menopause. Studies suggest it might be effective, but long-term use can have side effects, so consult your doctor for proper dosage and duration.
2. Magnesium: This mineral plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including sleep regulation and muscle relaxation. Magnesium deficiency is linked to worsened sleep and mood swings during menopause. Supplementing with magnesium, particularly glycinate or citrate forms, can improve sleep quality and ease muscle tension.
3. Vitamin D: Crucial for bone health, vitamin D levels often decline with age, increasing the risk of osteoporosis during menopause. Ensuring adequate vitamin D intake through sun exposure, diet, or supplements can help maintain bone strength and reduce fracture risk.
4. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: These heart-healthy fats possess anti-inflammatory properties that might benefit cardiovascular health and cognitive function, both of which can be impacted by menopause. Consuming fish rich in omega-3s or taking fish oil supplements can be helpful.
5. Probiotics: The gut microbiome plays a vital role in overall health, including immune function and mood regulation. Menopause can disrupt the gut microbiome, potentially contributing to certain symptoms. Probiotic supplements can help restore gut balance and potentially alleviate digestive issues, mood swings, and vaginal health concerns.

Remember, these supplements are intended to complement a healthy lifestyle, not replace it. Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management practices are crucial for managing menopause effectively. Consult your doctor before taking any health supplements.

REFERENCE

Matthew J Leach et al, Black cohosh (Cimicifuga spp.) for menopausal symptoms, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;2012(9):CD007244.

Marjan Mahdavi-Roshan et al, Copper, magnesium, zinc and calcium status in osteopenic and osteoporotic post-menopausal womenClin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2015 Jan-Apr;12(1):18-21.

Sarantis Livadas et al, EMAS position statement: Vitamin D and menopausal health, Maturitas. 2023 Mar:169:2-9.doi: 10.1016

Ayesha Zafar Iqbal et al, Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake on Vasomotor Symptoms, Sleep Quality and Depression in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review, Nutrients. 2023 Sep 30;15(19):4231.

Sangeeta Huidrom et al, Post-menopausal Osteoporosis and Probiotics, Curr Drug Targets. 2021;22(7):816-822.